Learning To Read

Question 1

When was reading invented?

Answer 1

200 years ago

Question 2

How long does it take to learn how to read?

Answer 2

10 years

Question 3

What are the writing systems?

Answer 3

Alphabetic, syllabic and logographic

Question 4

Examples of alphabetic writing systems

Answer 4

English, Cyrillic and Hebrew

Question 5

Examples of syllabic writing systems

Answer 5

Consonants and Vowels represented by characters e.g Thai and Burmese

Question 6

Logographic writing systems

Answer 6

Symbols represent whole words/ parts of words e.g. Chinese and Japanese

Question 7

Orthographic depth is

Answer 7

How the brain solves the problem of reading

Question 8

Deep orthographic depth

Answer 8

A lot of exceptionality in the relationship between letters and sounds e.g. English

Question 9

Shallow orthographic depth

Answer 9

Exactly one phoneme for every grapheme e.g. Cyrillic alphabet

Question 10

Middle orthographic depth

Answer 10

One phoneme for every grapheme but some exceptions e.g. Placement of stress in Italian

Question 11

How much percentage of English can neural network learn

Answer 11

80%, rest are exceptions (20%)

Question 12

Seymour et al (2003) study in Scotland details

Answer 12

• children at end of year 1
• European, Scottish High SES and low SES
• shallow and deep orthography

Question 13

Seymour et al (2003) findings

Answer 13

Shallow words better and quicker reaction time for shallow and high SES

Question 14

Limitation with Seymour et al (2003) Scotland and EU children study

Answer 14

Scots aged 4-5 in year 1. European children go to school later so may be better because older

Question 15

Spencer and Hanley (2004) Welsh and English speaking study details

Answer 15

29 Welsh speaking and 22 English speaking reception age
Tested 3x in November, March and June
Read 30 common words, half irregular spellings e.g of, have

Question 16

Spencer and Hanley (2004) findings

Answer 16

Welsh at term 2= 40% vs 3% English

End of 1st year- 15% English, 60% Welsh

Question 17

Strengths of Spencer and Hanley (2004) Welsh study

Answer 17

Children start school at same age and no difference in SES

Question 18

PISA test

Answer 18

Done every 2 years
Test at age 15
20% 15 year olds in EU lack functional literacy

Question 19

Implications of PISA test findings (20% 15 y.olds)

Answer 19

More likely unemployed be less likely to vote

Question 20

Methods of reading instruction

Answer 20

Phonics based approaches and whole word approaches

Question 21

What is the phonics-based approach of learning to read?

Answer 21

Learn systematic correspondences between letters and sounds

Simple words presented over and over

Question 22

Limitations of whole word approach

Answer 22

Spoken language is innate, not reading and children need to know relationship between letters and sounds

Question 23

Review against whole word approach

Answer 23

NRP (2000) phonics produce significant benefits from kindergarten -> year 6

Question 24

Strengths of phonics

Answer 24

NRP report, 2006- implemented as law from Rose Review (800+ responses)
10 min a day intervention groups
Phonics screen- keep increasing (58% 2012 now 77% 2015)

Question 25

Becoming a skilled reader

Answer 25

Learning alphabetic principle is critical for reading success

Question 26

Alphabetic principle

Answer 26

Orthography-> phonology -> semantics

Question 27

Which meta-analysis showed two pathways in the brain for reading?

Answer 27

Taylor, Rastle and Davis (2012)

Question 28

What two pathways did Taylor, Rastle and Davis (2012) find for reading?

Answer 28

Dorsal ( print-> sound) and ventral ( print-> meaning)

Question 29

Visual word form area (Dehaene et al, 2003) BOLD response shows

Answer 29

Neurones subserving object perception in left mid-fusiform gyrus will become more specialised for recognising written words as we develop greater skill

Question 30

Stanford longitudinal study (Ben-Schachar et al, 2011) details

Answer 30

53 children, 7-12 years FU 4 years | Annual assessments and brain scans

Question 31

Findings of Stanford longitudinal study (Ben-Scharchar et al, 2011)

Answer 31

Children reach cluster volume in area in VOT at about age 15

Question 32

What else did Stanford longitudinal study find

Answer 32

Words embedded in noise. Older= more sensitive as they are more experienced readers

Question 33

Developmental dyslexia DSM-4 diagnosis

Answer 33

- reading achievement substantially below persons age, intelligence and age-appropriate education - disturbance significantly interferes with academic achievement or activities that require reading skills

Question 34

Limitations of DSM-4 diagnosis of developmental dyslexia

Answer 34

Criteria not specific to someone with dyslexia-loose language

Question 35

How is dyslexia measured

Answer 35

Non-standardised tests of word and non-word reading, text reading and comprehension, spelling

Question 36

Cut of for impairment (dyslexia) varies

Answer 36

``` 1 SD (16% population) 2 SD (3% population) ```

Question 37

Problems with assessment of dyslexia

Answer 37

Doesn't tell us what dyslexia is or how it arises- problematic

Question 38

ROSE review (2009) dyslexia definition

Answer 38

Learning difficulty that primary affects skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading + spelling

Question 39

Rose review (2009) findings

Answer 39

Difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory and verbal processing speech

Question 40

What is a good indication of severity and persistence of dyslexia

Answer 40

Examining how well they respond to well-founded intervention

Question 41

Phonological deficit hypothesis

Answer 41

Specific deficit in the phonological language domain (verbal STM, non-word repetition, tasks requiring phonological skills, reading and spelling)

Question 42

When are the phonological difficulties notably revealed

Answer 42

Non-word reading performance e.g (gabe, Vib, slint)

Question 43

Rack et al (1992) tests appreciation between letters and sounds

Answer 43

Not an equal distribution: must have significant problems reading non-words

Question 44

Plaut et al (1996) where do dyslexics lack mapping?

Answer 44

Orthography-> phonology

Question 45

Challenge by Castles and Coltheart (1993) to phonological deficit hypothesis

Answer 45

Subset of developmental dyslexics that don't have difficulty reading non words and therefore no phonological deficit

Question 46

Manis et al (1996) reply to castle and Coltheart (1993) criticism

Answer 46

If subset exists, it's rare and seem to have reading DELAY rather than disorder

Question 47

Most recent meta- analysis regarding dyslexia

Answer 47

Melby- Lervag et al (2012): 235 studies, youngest child= 5.

Question 48

Dyslexia debate (Elliot et al)

Answer 48

- no accepted way of diagnosis - ambiguity in use of term - interventions effect for everyone - term doesn't give us anything- children need help with severe problems and aren't diagnosed (need extra information, not just label)