Learning Topics

Question 1

Difference between lamellar and woven bone

Answer 1

Woven laid down by osteoblasts irregularly while lamellar is parallel

Question 2

Difference between osteoblasts and osteocytes ??

Answer 2

Osteblats are from osteoprogenitor cells while osteoclasts are from mononuclear phagocytic cells

Question 3

Inheritance of achondroplasia ?

Answer 3

Autosomal dominant

Question 4

Achondroplasia is a mutation in?

Answer 4

FGFR3 !!

Question 5

Difference between genetic and acquired dwarfism?

Answer 5

Achondroplasia have normal intelligence and life spans!

Question 6

Characteristics of OI?

Answer 6

Blue sclera, affected teeth, joints, ears, skin 
Bone fragility 
Defective C1
Repeated fractures
EXcessive callus formation!

Question 7

Achondroplasia is a disorder of ?

Answer 7

Growth plates

Question 8

Why incidence of SLE Increased?

Answer 8

Because of actual increase and improved diagnostic method leading to early diagnosis

Question 9

Prevalence of SLE?

Answer 9

1:1000 women

Question 10

Causes of high prevalence ??

Answer 10

Earlier diagnosis = > survival= duration
Increased incidence
Survival has increased

Question 11

Why different variability in SLE studies ??

Answer 11

Different methods

Question 12

5 year survival of SLE now and then??

Answer 12

50 years ago 50%

Now 95

Question 13

Why mortality decreased??

Answer 13

Improved medical care

Changes in definition so now they include milder cases!

Question 14

How in SLE have high risk of death??

Answer 14

Non Caucasian
Younger age
More severe systemic disease

Question 15

Life threatening comorbidties in SLE ??

Answer 15

Kidney failure
CNS cerebritis
Cardiovascular disease

Question 16

Age affected by SLE ??

Answer 16

It can occur ANYTIME!!

but peak incidence in 15-55

Question 17

Proof of SLE having genetic component ??

Answer 17

Monozygotic twins have 60% chance of concordance

Question 18

Screening is not recommended in SLE ??

Answer 18

No cost effective or accurate test

Question 19

Can’t recommend a screening test because??

Answer 19

No benefit of therapy seen in preclinical phase

Question 20

What causes under excretion of Utica acid?

Answer 20

Polycystic kidney disease
Htn
Renal failure

Question 21

Which is used to treat acute gout attacks??

Answer 21

Indomethacin and naproxen

Question 22

Why indomethacin is the NSAIDS Of choice not aspirin ??

Answer 22

Prevents Uric acid excretion

Question 23

Effect of indomethacin?

Answer 23

Reduce pain and inflammation

Question 24

Indo and napro are contraindicated in?

Answer 24

Peptic ulcer and liver disease

Question 25

Why 95%of lumbar disc herniations occur at L4/5 L5/S1 ???

Answer 25

Because the posterior longitudinal ligament thins inferiorly from L1 to S1 !!

Question 26

Most impingement on nerve roots are assymetric why?

Answer 26

Because most herniations are posterolateral

Question 27

Ligamentum flavum runs??

Answer 27

Anterior to the lamina within neural canal

Question 28

What can cause spinal stenosis??

Answer 28

Thinking of ligamentum flavum with age!

Question 29

Where pain comes from in the lumbosacral region?

Answer 29

Posterior rami and sinuvertebral nerves at each vertebral level

Question 30

True or false does the nucleus pulposes and annular fiber have pain fibers ??

Answer 30

False

Question 31

Those who don't have a pain don't have a pathology?

Answer 31

No as 20-30% of asymptomatic people have a pathology!

Question 32

What are LBP causes?

Answer 32

Mechanical(most) Neurogenic Referred visceral Red flag

Question 33

Mechanical causes of pain?

Answer 33

Spondylosis Vertebral fracture Muscle strain and ligamentous injuries(65-70%) Degenerative disk and joint disease Congenital anomalies( kyphoscoliosis, transitional vertebra)

Question 34

Neurogenic LBP?

Answer 34

Spinal stenosis Herniated disc Ostyphytic nerve root compression

Question 35

Red flagged LBP?

Answer 35

Inflammatory spondyloarthropathies Osteomyelitis discitis abscess neoplastic(primary/metastatic)

Question 36

Referred visceral pain?

Answer 36

``` Abdominal aortic aneurism Gi( Ibd, pancreatitis, diverticulitis) Renal disease( pyelonephritis, renal stones) ```

Question 37

Why those with spinal stenosis get relief by spine flexion?

Answer 37

Increase diameter of spinal canal reducing its tension

Question 38

No pain uphill but pain downhill indicates ?

Answer 38

Spinal stenosis? Because the back is extended

Question 39

Characteristics of cauda equina syndrome?

Answer 39

Bi lateral legs Neurosurgical emergency Difficulty in bladder and bowel function

Question 40

Causes of cauda equina?

Answer 40

Massive central disc herniation Spinal epidural abscess Hematoma Trauma