learning voc Flashcards
(22 cards)
Classical Conditioning: US,UR,CR,CS
Learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about a response.
US = unconditioned stimulus; naturally existing stimulus
UR = unconditioned response; naturally existing response
CS = conditioned stimulus; learned,or taught
CR = conditioned response; learned, or has been taught response (the same as the unconditioned response
Pavlov’s experiment
When he stumbled upon classical conditioning, his actual research was going awry because the dogs were salivating BEFORE the food was put into their mouths.
Pavlov would ring a bell(NS/CS) + Then he would present the food a split second later (US) –> The dog would salivate every time (UR)
Acquisition
The phase of pairing the NS (becomes CS) and
UCS over and over again until the subject
associates the two is called Acquisition
*The NS has to come before the UCS – in most cases
* The time between stimuli should be half a second
* After repeatedly presenting the NS/CS and UCS, the only way to know if conditioning has happened is to
present only the CS.
Extinction
When a UCS (food) does not follow a CS (tone),
CR (salivation) starts to decrease and at some
point goes extinct.
Spontaneous Recovery
After a rest period an extinguished CR
(salivation) spontaneously recovers and if CS
(tone) persists alone becomes extinct again.
Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to
CS is called generalization.
An example would be if the dogs
salivated to a horn as well as the bell
they were first conditioned to respond
to.
Discrimination
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a US.
Pavlov tested this by ringing different tones on the
tuning fork to teach discrimination.
Another example would be if you got bit by a German
Shephard, but you’re not scared of a golden retriever.
Learned Helplessness
When we associate our action with failure due to persistent failure to succeed, leading to a sense of powerlessness even
when given the chance to succeed (i.e. too many failed test after studying= not trying anymore).
(Martin Seligman)
John Garcia & Taste Aversion
When we associate food we ate with a bad experience we had with that particular food (i.e. food poisoning), and are now repulsed by that food. (John Garcia)
John B. Watson & Little Albert
he Little Albert Experiment demonstrated that classical conditioning works in human beings. In this experiment, a previously unafraid baby was conditioned to become afraid of a rat.
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment (e.g. reasons one adheres to a curfew).
B.F. Skinner’s Experiments
Operant Chamber
An operant chamber or Skinner box comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a
food or water reinforcer. It is connected to devices that record the animal’s responses and allows the researcher to have complete control over the animal’s environment.
Shaping
Operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior closer towards target behavior through
successive approximations.
i.e. Training your dog to retrieve the newspaper at the end of your driveway is reinforced in small, baby step
accomplishments.
Positive Reinforcement
Increase in response by adding/giving a positive stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Increase in response by removing an aversive (negative) stimulus
Punishment
something to decrease an undesired response
Reinforcement Schedules: Ratio vs. Interval (all 4)
Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs. Needs to be used when initial learning is taking place
Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement: Reinforcing a response only part of the time. Though results in the slower acquisition, in the beginning, show greater resistance to extinction later on.
under partial reinforcement, there are ratio and interval
Ratio: Number of times desired behavior is performed
Interval: Amount of time desired behavior is performed
Fixed Ratio: Reinforces a response only after a specified number of response
Fixed Interval: Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
Variable Ratio: Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. Produces more responses than any other method and is hard to extinguish because of unpredictability
Variable Interval: Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, produces slow steady responding
Latent Learning
is the subconscious retention of information without reinforcement or motivation. In latent learning, one changes behavior only when there is sufficient motivation later than when they subconsciously retained the information.
Intrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. (doing something not for a reward but for the thing itself)
Extrinsic Motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. (doing something to avoid punishment or get reward)
Observational Learning: Modeling & Mirror Neurons
Bandura said observational learning occurs in four
stages:
- Paying attention & perceiving features of another’s
behavior (and it’s reward or punishment) - Remembering the behavior
- Reproducing the behavior
- Being motivated to learn and carry out the behavior
Albert Bandura’s Bobo Experiment
Bandura’s Experiment
Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who
receive rewards and punishments… when children watched adults being rewarded for aggression, they too acted aggressively when in a room with the Bobo doll.
