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VM 324 > Lec 0 Prereqs > Flashcards

Lec 0 Prereqs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 roles of genetic material?

A
  1. contain complex information (instructions for behaviour and function allow variation and must be stable)
  2. replicate faithfully
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2
Q

What is the central dogma?

A
  • transcription (DNA to RNA)
  • translation (RNA to protein)
  • DNA replication
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3
Q

Describe how the central dogma for viruses is different?

A
  • reverse transcription (RNA to DNA)

- RNA replication occurs

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4
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

What is a nucleic acid made of?

A
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous bases
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6
Q

What are the 4 standard bases?

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • thymine
  • cytosine
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7
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

double helix

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8
Q

Where is DNA found in the cell?

A

usually only in the nucleus

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9
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A
  • ribonucleic acid
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10
Q

What nucleotide does it contain in place of Thymine?

A

uracil

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11
Q

Describe RNA structure

A
  • single stranded molecules

- some have secondary structure

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12
Q

Is RNA more or less stable than DNA?

A
  • less
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13
Q

Where is RNA found in the cell?

A

inside and outside the nucleus

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14
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

adenine and guanine

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15
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine and uracil

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16
Q

Nucleotides are connected by which carbon atoms on the sugar molecule?

A

3rd and 5th carbon atoms

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17
Q

What are the two ends of a strand called?

A

3 prime and 5 prime

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18
Q

Which bases pair with which?

A

A-T and GC

19
Q

What are some types of RNA structures?

A
  • hairpin
  • stacking
  • bulge
  • interior loop
  • multi look open
  • exterior loop
  • dangling nucleotide
  • terminating stem
  • coaxial interaction
20
Q

What are amino acids?

A

building blocks of proteins

21
Q

Describe amino acid structure.

A

amine - side chain - carboxylic acid

22
Q

How many functional side chains are there?

A

23ish

23
Q

How many standard side chains are there and what are the others called?

A

20 + selenocysteine, pyrrolysine, and N-formylmethionine

24
Q

What are the 4 types of protein structures?

A
  • primary structure (amino acid sequence)
  • secondary structure (alpha helix or beta sheet)
  • tertiary structure (3D structure)
  • quaternary structure (complex of protein molecules)
25
Q

How many genes are there in the human genome?

A

24 000

26
Q

How can 24 000 genes give such a diversity of protein sequences?

A
  • by alternative splicing of exons from the primary mRNA molecules
  • this results in different primary sequence of proteins
27
Q

Describe pituitary dwarfism in dogs.

A
  • splicing mutation in LIM homeobox 3

- transcription factor essential for pituitary gland formation

28
Q

When is DNA replicated?

A
  • Interphase

S = DNA replication

29
Q

What is DNA replication

A
  • process of accurate copying chromosomal DNA
30
Q

Why is precise and accurate DNA replication necessary?

A
  • to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease
31
Q

What are 3 types of DNA replication?

A
  • theta replication (bacteria)
  • rolling circle replication (plasmids and bacteriophage)
  • linear replication (eukaryotes)
32
Q

Why are there multiple origins of initiation in linear replication?

A
  • many parts can be replicated simultaneously so it is less time consuming
33
Q

What are the origins recognized by and what does it do?

A

Origin recognition complex

- unwinds the DNA

34
Q

Why do the origins tend to be high AT?

A

less hydrogen bonds than GC

35
Q

What molecules are involved in unwinding during DNA replication?

A
  • helicase: break hydrogen bonds

- DNA gyrase - relaxes torque of upstream DNA

36
Q

How are nucleotides added during DNA replication?

A
  • free floating dNTPs must be added to a free hydroxyl group
  • the new DNA is synthesized in 5’ to 3’
  • it is read from the template in 3’ to 5’
37
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase alpha?

A
  • initiation: primes activity
38
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase gamma?

A
  • lagging strand synthesis
39
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase epsilon?

A
  • leading strand synthesis
40
Q

Which DNA polymerase is the only one that does not have a 3’ to 5’ exonuclease?

A

DNA polymerase alpha

41
Q

How often do mammalian polymerases make an error?

A

once every ~100m basepairs

42
Q

What percentage of errors does proofreading correct?

A

99%

43
Q

How are Okazaki fragments joined?

A
  • RNase H removes the PCR primer from the adjacent Okazaki fragment
  • DNa Polalpha incorporates dNTP at the 3’ end of the 5’ fragment
  • DNA ligase 1 binds together the nucleotides

VM 324 (1 decks)

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