Lec 1

Question 1

Intercellular communication

Answer 1

All activities of animals require cellular communication

Question 2

autocrine

Answer 2

Relating to, promoted by, or being a substance secreted by a cell and acting on surface of receptors of the same cell

Question 3

Paracrine

Answer 3

Created by a cell and acting on an adjacent cell

Question 4

Endocrine

Answer 4

Producing secretions that are distributed in the bloodstream

Question 5

Nervous system signaling

Answer 5

-Control functions of other cells
-Relatively fast
-Highly spatially selective
-Control discrete short term events
-Neurons can innervate the endocrine system

Question 6

Endocrine system signaling

Answer 6

-Control functions of other cells
-Relatively slow
-Less spatially specific
-Control long term events
-Can act upon neurons

Question 7

What are tissues under the influence of

Answer 7

Nervous and endocrine signaling

Question 8

Cephalization

Answer 8

Growing from the head and outwards

Question 9

Brain (or centralized ganglia)

Answer 9

Controls and coordinates other organs

Allows the organism to sense its environment and make decisions

Controls and coordinates muscle and movement

Question 10

Ganglia

Answer 10

Collections of neurons
-In the PNS of vertebrates

Question 11

Nuclei

Answer 11

Collection of neurons in the CNS

Question 12

Nerves

Answer 12

A bundle of axons in the PNS

Question 13

Tract

Answer 13

A bundle of axons in the CNS

Question 14

Interneurons are in the

Answer 14

CNS

Question 15

Sensory and motor neurons are in

Answer 15

The PNS

Question 16

Sympathetic

Answer 16

Calming

Question 17

Parasympathetic

Answer 17

Arousing

Question 18

CNS of vertebrates is encased in

Answer 18

Cartilage or bone

Question 19

3 main divisions of brain

Answer 19

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Question 20

PNS is divided into

Answer 20

Autonomic

Somatic

Question 21

Somatic neurons

Answer 21

Do not have peripheral neuron-neuron synapse (no middle man, synapse goes directly to skeletal muscle)

Question 22

Autonomic neurons

Answer 22

Neurons synapse travel to ganglia then to heart (middle man)

Question 23

Somatic nervous system contains

Answer 23

Cranial nerves plus spinal nerves

Question 24

Third division of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 24

Enteric system- Innervates organs of alimentary canal

Question 25

Sympathetic

Answer 25

Active during stress Mobilizing energy Fight or flight

Question 26

Parasympathetic

Answer 26

Resting and digesting Storing energy

Question 27

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervate

Answer 27

Smooth muscle of body Exocrine glands (pancreas) Endocrine glands (adrenal glands) Heart pacemaker

Question 28

Processes affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic system

Answer 28

Digestion Heartbeat Blood movement through vessels Blood pressure Lung passages Secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 29

Enteric division

Answer 29

Supplied by input from the vagus nerve and spinal nerves Receives input from sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 30

Where is the enteric division

Answer 30

Esophagus Stomach Small and large intestines Pancreas Galbladder

Question 31

Why is the enteric division considered separate from the autonomic and sympathetic

Answer 31

It is considered a second brain with 200-600 million neurons, including interneurons and glial cells

Question 32

Ganglia of enteric system

Answer 32

Receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic system Parasympathetic from preganglia Sympathetic receive input from postganglia

Question 33

Reticular theory (Golgi)

Answer 33

The brain is a single continuous network

Question 34

Cajal found

Answer 34

The neuron doctrine Neurons are distinct separate cells separated by synapses

Question 35

Afferent

Answer 35

Convey info to neuron

Question 36

Efferent

Answer 36

Convey info from a neuron

Question 37

Interneurons

Answer 37

Connections between regions

Question 38

4 functional zones of neurons

Answer 38

Dendrites Axon hillock Axon Signal transmission area

Question 39

Dendrites vs axons

Answer 39

Dendrites are rough because they have dendritic spines which allow synapses Axon does not receive info from other cells and is covered in myelin

Question 40

Molecular motors that move materials across axons (microtubules)

Answer 40

Kinesin Dynein

Question 41

Kinesin

Answer 41

Anterograde transport(away from cell body)

Question 42

Dynein

Answer 42

Retrograde transport (toward the cell body)

Question 43

Cell body

Answer 43

Known as soma Location of nucleus Site of mitochondrial biogenesis

Question 44

Glial cells

Answer 44

10x more glial cells than neurons Provide structural support for the brain Surround neurons and hold them in place Insulate one neuron from another Supply nutrients and oxygens to neurons Destroy pathogens Speed up axonal conduction

Question 45

5 types of glial cells

Answer 45

Schwann cells Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglial cells Ependymal cells

Question 46

Schwann cells

Answer 46

Form myelin sheaths in the PNS

Question 47

Oligendodrocytes

Answer 47

Provide myelin sheath in the CNS

Question 48

Astrocytes

Answer 48

Transport nutrients Remove debris Regular space around the synapse

Question 49

Microglia

Answer 49

Equivalent to macrophages- provide active immune defense Most active following trauma/injury Role in neurodegeneration

Question 50

Ependymal cells

Answer 50

Line fluid-filled cavities (ventricles) of the brain Circulate cerebral spinal fluid- ciliated

Question 51

Radial glia cells

Answer 51

Very important during development Give rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes Scaffolds for neuronal migration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices

Question 52

Electrical signals

Answer 52

Virtually identical in all nerve cells Similar across species Signals can be classified into 2 classes