LEC 1 Peripheral Blood & Cytomorphology Flashcards
Dr. Jesus Delgado-Calle To define the formed elements of blood. Learn the characteristic morphologic features of erythrocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, eosinophil, basophils, macrophages, platelets and their precursors. Be able to provide a brief introduction of cellular function for each blood cell. (86 cards)
1
Q
Where are blood cells formed in the embryo?
A
Yolk sac
Slide 3
2
Q
As development progresses, where in the body does blood formation occur?
A
Spleen, Liver, & Lymph Nodes
Slide 3
3
Q
Once developed, what assumes the task of forming the blood cells for the entire organism?
A
Bone Marrow
Slide 3
3
Q
Once developed, what assumes the task of forming the blood cells for the entire organism?
A
Bone Marrow
Slide 3
4
Q
Where does hematopoesis occur in children?
What bones?
A
marrow of the long bones such as femur and tibia
Slide 3
5
Q
Where does hematopoeisis occur in adults?
What bones?
A
Pelvis, Cranium, Vertebrae, and Sternum
Slide 3
6
Q
Where does maturation, activation, and growth of lymphoid cells occur?
A
Spleen, Thymus, and Lymph Nodes
Slide 3
7
Q
What is the common precursor cell for all blood cells?
A
Multipotent Hematopoeitic Stem Cell
Slide 3
8
Q
What percentage of the blood is plasma?
A
55%
Slide 5
9
Q
What percentage of the blood is made up of erythrocytes?
A
45%
Slide 5
10
Q
What is the buffy coat and where is it located?
A
Leukocytes; Located between the plasma and erythrocytes of a centrifuged specimen
Slide 5
11
Q
In a hematological analyzer, the small aperture serves what role?
A
determines platelet number and size
Slide 6
12
Q
In a hematological analyzer, the large aperture serves what role?
A
determines RBC number and size
Slide 6
13
Q
Explain the concept of electrical impedance as it relates to hematological analyzers.
A
- Whole blood is passed between two electrodes through an aperture so narrow that only one cell can pass through at a time
- The impedance changes as a cell passes through
- The change in impedance is proportional to cell volume, resulting in a cell count and measure of volume.
Slide 6
14
Q
How does flow cytometry function as it relates to a hematological analyzer?
A
- A single-cell stream passes through a laser beam
- The absorbance is measured, and the scattered light is measured at multiple angles to determine the cell’s granularity, diameter, and inner complexity
Slide 6
15
Q
What information does flow cytometry tell us about the blood cells?
A
Morphology
Slide 6
16
Q
What suffix means decreased?
A
-enia
Slide 8
17
Q
What suffix means increased?
A
-cytosis
Slide 8
18
Q
What is the purpose of fluorescence light in flow cytometry?
A
Enables the detection of surface proteins using specific antibodies
Slide 10
19
Q
In flow cytometry, where is the forward scatter located and what does it measure?
A
- Located in line with the laser intercept
- Considered a measure of the relative cell size
Slide 10
20
Q
In flow cytometry, where is the side scatter located and what does it measure?
A
- Located perpendicular to the laser beam intercept
- used to measure the relative complexity of the cell (granularity)
Slide 10
21
Q
What 2 dyes are used in H&E staining?
A
Haemotoxylin & Eosin
Slide 15
22
Q
How does eosin work?
A
- acidic dye
- stains basic structures red or pink
Slide 15
23
Q
How does Hematoxylin work?
A
- basic dye
- stains the nucleus (nucleic acids) and other parts of the cytoplasm that have RNA purple
- the rest of the cytoplasm stains pink
Slide 15
24
What is another name for a platelet?
**Thrombocyte**
## Footnote
Slide 17
25
What is the precursor cell of thrombocytes?
**Megakaryocyte**
## Footnote
Slide 17
26
What is the function of platelets?
* Help control blood loss from broken vessels
* Begin clotting process to prevent bleeding
## Footnote
Slide 17
27
How and where does thrombopoeisis occur?
* In the bone marrow
* Megakaryocyte's membrane projections break up into smaller fragments
## Footnote
Slide 17
28
What is the average lifespan of platelets?
7-10 days
## Footnote
Slide 17
29
What are the components of a thrombocyte?
1. **Open canalicular system**: internal membrane structure connected to cell surface
2. **Granules**: dense, alpha, and lysosomal. Contain proteins & factors necessary for several steps of the coagulation cascade
3. **Microtubules**: preserve the elliptic shape of resting platelets & play a critical role in cytoskeleton reorganization during platelet activation
## Footnote
Slide 17
30
Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?
**NO**
| They are also the smallest blood cell
## Footnote
Slide 17
31
What is the precursor of an erythrocyte?
**Proerythroblast**
## Footnote
Slide 19
32
What is the fuction of erythrocytes?
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and tissues
## Footnote
Slide 19
33
How does formation of erythrocytes occur?
Formation starts in the bone marrow and ends in the blood stream when reticulocytes complete their maturation.
## Footnote
Slide 19
34
What is the lifespan of an RBC?
**about 120 days**
## Footnote
Slide 19
35
What are the characteristics of an erythrocyte?
* Biconcave shape
* Contains hemoglobin (red color)
* lacks nucleus and most organelles
* great flexibility allowing for easy movement through narrow vessels and capillaries
## Footnote
Slide 19
36
In which erythrocyte precursor does hemoglobin synthesis begin?
**Erythroblast**
## Footnote
Slide 19
37
An erythroblast loses its nucleus and some organelles to become what?
**a reticulocyte**
## Footnote
Slide 19
38
Reticulocytes spend about how much time in the marrow and how much time in the blood?
* 3 days in marrow
* 1 day in blood
## Footnote
Slide 19
39
A reticulocyte can function as an erythrocyte can, but it lacks what morphological feature that is characteristic of erythrocytes?
**Biconcavity**
## Footnote
Slide 19
40
A reticulocyte loses its remaining organelles to become what?
**an erythrocyte**
## Footnote
Slide 19
41
What percentage of circulating RBCs are reticulocytes?
**~1%**
## Footnote
Slide 19
42
What are the 3 types of **granulocytes**?
* Neutrophils
* Eosinophils
* Basophils
## Footnote
Slide 22
43
What is the **precursor cell** of granulocytes?
**Myeloblast**
## Footnote
Slide 22
44
What is the **function** of granulocytes?
white blood cells that help the immune system fight off infection (innate immune response)
## Footnote
Slide 22
45
How and where are granulocytes formed?
Form in the bone marrow and released to the bloodstream when necessary. Short-lived (hours to few days).
## Footnote
Slide 22
46
What are the characteristics of granulocytes?
* most common type of WBC
* Bi-lobed nucleus
* large cytoplasmic granules (can be stained by basic dyes)
* upon infection or inflammation, granulocytes migrate to the area and release the content of their granules to fight infeciton
## Footnote
Slide 22
47
What is the function of **basophils**?
Fight parasitic infections and mediate allergic reactions
## Footnote
Slide 24
48
What are some characteristics of basophils?
* short life span
* least numerous granulocyte
* **bi or tri-lobed nucleus**
* large number of **dark blue (purplish) cytoplasmic granules** that obscure their nuclei
* upon activation, granule's content is released (**histamine**) and contribute to inflammatory response
## Footnote
Slide 24
49
What is the function of **neutrophils**?
Phagocytes that provide protection against certain types of acute infections (bacteria or fungi)
## Footnote
Slide 26
50
What are the characteristics of **neutrophils**?
* Produced in the bone marrow in large numbers. Enter the circulation and migrate to tissues to complete their function
* Short life span
* 3-5 nuclear lobes joined by strands of genetic material
* contain numerous secondary pale, lilac-colored granules
## Footnote
Slide 26
51
What is a **band neutrophil**?
* immature neutrophil
* kidney bean shaped nucleus with mature chromatin and no nucleoli
* secondary granules only
## Footnote
Slide 26
52
What is the function of **eosinophils**?
Clear parasitic infections and mediate inflammation.
## Footnote
Slide 28
53
What are the characteristics of **eosinophils**?
* Produced in the bone marrow in large numbers. Enter the circulation and migrate to tissues to complete their function
* tissue life span of **2-5 days**
* nucleus usually with 2 lobes connected by thin chromatin filament
* secondary granules are eosinophilic (red-orange)
* upon activation, granule's content is released (degranulation) and contribute to the inflammatory response
## Footnote
Slide 28
54
What is the precursor cell of a **monocyte**?
**Myeloblast**
## Footnote
Slide 31
55
What is the function of a **monocyte**?
Replenish macrophages and dendritic cells to elicit immune response
## Footnote
Slide 31
56
What are some characteristics of **monocytes**?
* Made in bone marrow and travel through the blood to tissues where it becomes a macrophage (or a dendritic cell)
* Lifespan in blood-> few days
* Kidney shaped indented nucleus
* Cytoplasm is gray to pale blue
* Rare to no granules
* Vaculoles
## Footnote
Slide 31
57
What is the precursor of a **macrophage**?
**Myeloblast**
| really a monocyte, but monocyte precursor is myeloblast
## Footnote
Slide 33
58
What is the function of **macrophages**?
detection, phagocytosis, and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organism
## Footnote
Slide 33
59
What are some characteristics of **macrophages**?
* **Formed from monocytes** that leave the blood and differentiate in affected tissues/organs. Can also differentiate in the bone marrow
* Long-lived cells: more than **3 days to a week**
* Large spherical cells with **pseudopodia**
* **Vesicles (phagosomes)** contain engulfed particles, bacteria
* **Lysosomes** contain digestive enzymes
* **Secondary lysosomes**: fused phagosomes and lysosomes
## Footnote
Slide 33
60
What is the precursor cell of **lymphocytes**?
**Lymphoblasts**
## Footnote
Slide 36
61
What is the function of **lymphocytes**?
Recognize antigens in pathogens and remove the pathogens or pathogen-infected cells
## Footnote
Slide 36
62
What are some characteristics of **lymphocytes**?
* Generated in the bone marrow. T cells mature in the thymus and B cells in the bone marrow.
* average life span is a week to a few months, but a few live for years, providing a pool of long-lived T and B cells.
* Slightly larger than RBC
* High N:C ratio with round nucleus
* Cytoplasm is scant, light blue with NO GRANULES
## Footnote
Slide 36
63
Explain **memory cells** with respect to lymphocytes.
B cells and T cells produce memory cells that will 'remember' each specific pathogen encountered and are able to make a strong response if the pathogen is detected again.
## Footnote
Slide 36
64
How do you differentiate between an *inactive* and an *active* lymphocyte?
* **Inactive**: smaller and rounder with higher N:C ratio
* **Active**: (atypical lymphs) appear more spread out and seem to "stick" to surrounding cells. less round nucleus and cytoplasm
## Footnote
Slide 37
65
What is the precursor cell for **plasma cells**?
**B-cells**
## Footnote
Slide 38
66
What is the function of a **plasma cell**?
terminally differentiated B cells that **secrete antibodies**, important for immune protection
## Footnote
Slide 38
67
What are some characteristics of **plasma cells**?
* **Formed in bone marrow** & differentiate from B cells with help of helper T cells
* short-lived plasma proliferating cells with a **life span of 3–5 days**, and long-lived plasma cells (non-proliferating cells with a life span of several months to lifetime)
* **2-3x larger than RBC**
* **Round eccentrically placed nucleus**
* **basophilic (blue) cytoplasm w prominent perinuclear hof (clearing)**
* **professional secretory cells**: release antibodies that circulate in the blood and lymph, where they bind to and neutralize or destroy antigens.
## Footnote
Slide 38
68
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Activated Lymphocyte**
| Also called an atypical lymphocyte
69
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Adipocyte**
70
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Basophil**
71
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Eosinophil**
| according to Dr. Delgado, but I would call this a segmented neutrophil
## Footnote
Eosinophils typically have a very redish-orange cytoplasm. Very easy to ID
72
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Lymphocyte**
73
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Lymphocyte**
74
# Identify the cells in the image indicated by the arrows:
**Megakaryocytes**
75
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Monocyte**
76
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Segmented Neutrophil**
77
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Segmented Neutrophil**
78
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Neutrophilic Metamyelocyte**
79
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Neutrophilic Myelocyte**
80
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Neutrophilic Stab**
| also called a band neutrophil
81
# Identify the cell shown in the electron microscopy image:
**Platelet**
82
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Platelet**
83
# Identify the circled cell in the image:
**Erythrocyte**
84
# Identify the circled cells in the image:
**Segmented Neutrophils**
85
# Identify cells A-G in the following image
* **A**: Neutrophilic Stab (band)
* **B**: Monocyte
* **C**: Lymphocyte
* **D**: Eosinophil
* **E**: Segmented Neutrophil
* **F**: Basophil
* **G**: Erythrocyte
