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STRUCTURES - WEEK 2 > LEC 19: Heart > Flashcards

LEC 19: Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

Right Atrium

Right Ventricle

Left Atrium

Left Ventricle

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2
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart and what do they separate

A

Tricuspid Valve (separates RA/RV)

Pulmonic Valve (separates RV/pulmonary artery)

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve (separates LA/LV)

Aortic Valve (separates LV/aorta)

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3
Q

What are the primitive tissues that form the heart

A
  • Heart primordium (cardiac mesoderm)
  • Forms cranial to neural plate

Cross Section

  • Intra/extra embryonic coelom communicate
  • along entire region of the fetus pairs of blood vessels are forming from angioblastic cords–paired aorta that will fuse to eventually form the AORTA

Lateral Section

  • Cardiac mesoderm
  • Pericardial coelom will eventually engulf the heart
  • Septum transversum
  • Head fold will bring heart into chest
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4
Q

Angioblastic cords

A

Angioblastic cords form paired heart tubes, and eventually fuse to form a single tube

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5
Q

Blood islands form primitavely on the surface of the yolk sac, coallesce to form a network of arteries and veins

A
  • arteries and veins communicate with embryonic circulation via vitelline veins/arteries (empty into caudal end of heart tube)
  • heart tube forms from fusion of 2 endocardial tubes, then folds upon itself (heart)
  • blood vessels coming from placenta
    • 2 umbilical arteries
    • 2 umbilical veins (1 disappears)
    • these also empty into caudal heart tube
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6
Q

Common cardinal vein

A
  • anterior cardinal vein
  • posterior cardinal vein
  • drain upper and lower portions of embryonic body
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7
Q

Components of Primitive Embryonic Heart Tube (cranial to caudal)

A
  • Aortic sac
  • Truncus arteriosis
  • Bulbus cordis
  • Primitive ventricle
  • Primitive atrium
  • Sinus venosus (veins entering into here from placenta)
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8
Q

Single Heart Tube

A
  • genes telling heart to fold, more cells proliferating on one side of heart type
  • cranial folding assists with fold
  • sinous venous, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbous cordis, truncus arteriosus, aortic sac
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9
Q

What separates primitive atrium from primitive ventricle

A
  • endocardial cushions that grow toward each other
  • divides AV canal into (2) AV canals
  • partition primitive atrium from primitive ventricle
  • play role in formation of mitral and tricuspid valve
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10
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

A
  • common congenital heart defect
  • opening in ventricular septum that allows oxygen rich and oxygen deficient blood to mix
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11
Q

How to Right and Left Ventricle get separated (interventricular septum)

A
  1. Interventricular septum (muscular growth of thick cardiac mesoderm inward toward endocardial cushion)
  2. Membranous tissue (thin layer of tissue that grows inward medially, meets up with interventricular septum)
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12
Q

Papillary muscles

A
  • whisps of tissue attached to endocardial tissue of the fused endocardial cushions are valves
  • valves held in place by papillary muscles
  • prevent valves from prolapsing into atrium

Mitral Valve Prolapse: leaflets of mitral valve (between LA/LV) bulge (prolapse) upward or back into left atrium as heart contracts; blood may leak backward into left atrium (mitral valve regurgitation)

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13
Q

Division of primitive atrium (overview)

A
  1. Septum primum
    * foramen secundum
  2. Septum secundum
    * foramen ovale
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14
Q

Septum primum

A
  • primary division of atrium
  • starts from posterior wall of primitive atrium
  • grows toward endocardial cushions
  • fenestrations form in septum primum during development of septum secundum
  • these fenestrations will give rise to foramen primum and foramen secundum
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15
Q

foramen primum

A
  • foramen primum eventually grown over/obliterated
  • only opening left in septum primum is the formen secundum
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16
Q

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

A
  • congenital atrial septal defect
  • if young person has a stroke, should suspect PFO
17
Q

Septum secundum

A
  • forms after septum primum
  • faces right atrium (while septum primum faces left atrium)
  • foramen ovale forms in septum secundum
18
Q

foramen ovale

A
  • forms in septum secundum
  • Right to Left Atrial shunt
  • allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs
  • close after birth when
    • pulmonary vascular resistance decreases
    • left atrial pressure increases
19
Q

Great Vessels

A
  • aorta (left ventricular outflow tract)
  • pulmonary artery (right ventricular outflow tract)
20
Q

Formation of great vessels

A
  • conotruncal ridges (aka: bulbar and truncal ridges) form in the truncus arteriorsis and part of the bulbus cordis)
    • cranial most part of the cardiac tube
  • aorticopulmonary septum (dividing aorta from pulmonary trunk)
    • 180 degree spiraling results in separation of aorta and pulmonary artery, but they are hugging still
  • Formation
    • aorta (left ventricular outflow tract)
    • pulmonary artery (right ventricular outflow tract)
21
Q

Which is more dorsal/ventral, aorta or pulmonary trunk

A

AORTA = more dorsal

PULMONARY TRUNK = more ventral

22
Q

Formation of aortic and pulmonic valves

A
  • semilunar valves
    • aortic
    • pulmonic
  • conotruncal ridges meet interventricular septum (IVS)
  • three subendocardial swellings for each valve
    • remodeled to form three (3) thin-walled cusps
23
Q

Formation of atrioventricular valves

A
  • Tricuspid (RA/RV)
  • Mitral (LA/LV) (also called bicuspid)
  • develop from proliferation of tissue around endocardial cushions/AV canals
24
Q

Dorsal Aorta

A
  • initially a pair of tubes
    • first fuse to form cardiac tube —> primitive heart
    • next, fuse to form single dorsal aorta
  • connect with aortic arches (cranial region)
  • aortic arches connect to the aortic sac in the primitive heart tube
25
Q

Paired dorsal aorta

A
  • each paired arch of the dorsal aorta is associated with a pharyngeal arch
  • these arches connect to the aortic sac
  • 6 pairs of arches develop, but not all at same time
26
Q

Fate of the 4th and 6th Left Aortic Arches

A
  • 4th Left Aortic Arch
    • part of aortic arch
  • 6th Left Aortic Arch
    • left pulmonary artery and ductus arteriosis
27
Q

ductus arteriosis

A
  • shunts blood away from lungs in the fetus
28
Q

primitive cardiac veins

A
  • 3 pairs of primitive veins
    • vitelline veins
    • umbilical veins from placenta
    • common cardinal veins from the body of the embryo
  • all three pairs of veins empty into the sinus venosus
29
Q

What are the oxygen contents of the three (3) primitive veins

A
  1. vitelline veins drain the yolk sac (low O2)

2. umbilical veins from placenta (high O2)

  1. common cardinal veins from the body of the embryo (low O2)
30
Q

What do vitelline veins do

A

drain the yolk sac (low O2)

31
Q

What do umbilical veins do

A

Bring oxygen rich blood to fetus

32
Q

What do common cardinal veins do

A

carry oxygen poor blood from the body of the embryo

33
Q

What is the fate of the primitive veins

A
  • very complex
  • high degree of variability between individuals
34
Q

What are the important derivatives of the veins

A
  1. right umbilical vein
    * disappears
  2. left umbilical vein
  • umbilical vein within umbilical cord
  • ductus venosus
  1. superior vena cava
  • right anterior cardinal vein
  • right common cardinal vein
35
Q

ductus venosus

A

shunts blood away from fetal liver

36
Q

What is the derivative of the right umbilicial vein

A

NOTHING; it disappears

37
Q

What does the left umbilical vein derive from

A
  • umbilical vein within the umbilical cord
  • ductus venosus
38
Q

What does the superior vena cava derive from

A
  • right anterior cardinal vein
  • right common cardinal vein
39
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

(aka: most common cause of blue baby syndrome)

A
  • congenital heart defect, 4 abnormalities of heart
    1. pulmonary stenosis (narrowing)
    2. ventricular septal defect
    3. overriding aorta
    4. right ventricular hypertrophy (enlargment of muscles of right ventricle)
  • unequal partitioning of the truncus arteriosis

STRUCTURES - WEEK 2 (10 decks)

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