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Lec 2 cells of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells of the immune system also known as?

A
  • lymphoid cells

- Mostly white blood cells (leucocytes) that serve as defenders against infection and other diseases.

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2
Q

How do immune systems move?

A

Move around the body via the lymphatic and blood circulation systems.

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3
Q

How are leucocytes found around the body?

A

can be found as:

  • individual cells throughout the body
  • aaccumulates within lymphoid organs(e.g.spleen,LN)
  • at sites of infection or inflammation.
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4
Q

Where do all blood borne cells arise from?

A

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow

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5
Q

What are the 2 major lineages of immune cells?

A

Myeloid lineage(ML) and lymphoid lineage(LL).

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6
Q

What do the 2 major lineages of immune cells differentiate into?

A

erythrocytes, thrombocytes,basophils,

neutrophils,eosinophils,mast cells, monocytes/macrophages and some dendritic cells.

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7
Q

What are the 2 classifications of leukocytes?

A

1-Based on morphology into:
Granulocytes: multilobed nuclei and cytoplasmic granules.
Agranular cells: single unlobed nucleus and cytoplasm with few or no granules.
2-Based on type of the immune system and type of immunity into:
Cells of innate immune system or innate immunity
Cells of adaptive immune system or adaptive immunity.

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8
Q

What are the cells of the innate immunity groups?

A

(in)Nate & MyLo

Myeloid and lymphoid cells

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9
Q

What are the myeloid cells?

A

My(eloid) DMM from BEN

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
Dendritic cells
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10
Q

What are the lymphoid cells?

A

DeNa’s Lymph

Natural killer cells (NK)
Dendritic cells

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11
Q

What are the cells of adaptive immunity and what is their lineage?

A

Nature’s Den has TB

T-lymphocytes and subsets
B-lymphocytes
NK cells (Natural Killer cells)
Dendritic cells

All are via lymphoid lineage

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of immune cells?

A 
All in the PLMM of your hand!
Leukocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages 
Mast cells
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13
Q

What do leukocytes differentiate into?

A 
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
white blood cells which differentiate into:
-neutrophils
-basophils
-eosinophils
-monocytes
-lymphocytes
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14
Q

What are the functions of plasma cells?

A

Make and secrete antibodies

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15
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

Engulf invading particles

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16
Q

What are the functions of mast cells?

A

Trigger inflammatory response

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17
Q

What are the types of leukocytes?

A

Luke Never Lets Monkeys Eat Bananas

  • neutrophils
  • basophils
  • eosinophils
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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18
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A

DeNa’s Lymph Cord Below Her Neck

Dendritic 
B cells 
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
NK cells
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19
Q

What are PMN granulocytes?

A 
BEN's granny is polymorphonuclear!
(Polymorphonuclear granulocytes):
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
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20
Q

Origin of PMN granulocytes

A

pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow

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21
Q

Maturation of PMN granulocytes

A

in bone marrow

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22
Q

Life span of PMN granulocytes

A

Short-lived cells(2-3 days)

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23
Q

Percentage of neutrophils in the body?

A

60%-70% of peripheral blood leucocytes(4000-10000 per cubic mm of blood.

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24
Q

How many lobes do neutrophils have? Describe the granules

A
  • Multilobed nucleus(2-5)

- cytoplasmic granules that stain with both acidic and basic dyes.

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25
Half life of neutrophils?
7 hours
26
Function of neutrophils?
1. phagocytosis | 2. Important surface structures: MHCI, MHCII, receptors for C3b and Fc of IgG.
27
How many basophils in the body?
Low in number ,less than 0.2%of leucocytes, largest type of granulocytes.
28
How many lobes in basophil?
Bilobed nucleus
29
Granules of basophils?
cytoplasmic granules that stain with basic dyes giving blue color.
30
Surface structures of basophils?
MHCI, receptor for Fc fragment of IgE.
31
Function of basophils?
Non phagocytic. Involved in inflammation and allergic reactions .
32
Amount of eosinophils in the body (percentage)
1-2% of peripheral leucocytes
33
Lobes of eosinophils
Bilobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules that stain with acidic dye giving red color
34
important surface structures of eosinophils
MHCI,receptor for Fc fragment of IgE
35
Function of eosinophils
nvolved in protection against parasitic helminth(worm) infection and allergic reactions
36
origin of mast cells?
stem cell in bone marrow
37
Maturation of mast cells?
tissues
38
Nuclei of mast cells?
Mononuclear
39
Granules of mast cells
cytoplasmic
40
Types of mast cells
1-Connective tissue mast cells | 2-Mucosal mast cells(in mucus membranes lining the gut and lungs)
41
Important surface structures of mast cells?
MHC I, receptors for Fc fragment of IgE.
42
Function of mast cells?
mediates allergic reactions
43
Function of dendritic cells
professional antigen presenting cells (APC) 2- phagocytosis.
44
Origin of dendritic cells
stem cell in bone marrow (both myeloid and lymphoid lineages)
45
Maturation of dendritic cells
bone marrow
46
Cytoplasms of dendritic cells
Have branch-like cytoplasmic projections.
47
Important surface structures of dendritic cells
MHC I, MHC II
48
Origin of monocytes?
stem cells in bone marrow via myeloid lineage
49
maturation of monocytes?
bone marrow.
50
amount of monocytes?
5-7% of peripheral leucocytes
51
nucleus of monocytes?
Large WBC, mononuclear kidney-shaped nucleus.
52
half life of monocytes?
short - 8 hrs
53
fate of monocytes?
Migrate to tissues and differentiate into bigger macrophages with long half-life.
54
surface structures of monocytes?
MHC I, MHC II
55
function of monocytes?
APC and phagocytosis
56
Important surface structures of macrophages?
MHC I, MHC II, receptor for Fc fragment of IgG and receptor for C3b
57
functions of macrophages?
APC, ADCC, synthesis of Complement proteins. | Two types
58
Types of macrophages?
``` 1-Free floating macrophages that serve as scavengers to remove cellular debris and kill microbial invaders. 2- Fixed macrophages: alveolar in lungs peritoneal floating in peritoneal fluid microglial in CNS splenic in spleen Kupffer cells in liver mesangial in kidney ```
59
What are the classes of innate immune cells?
- Monocyte/Macrophage - Dendritic cell - Polymorphonuclear granulocyte - Mast cells
60
Amount of lymphocytes in the body ?
Smallest WBC,20- 25% of WBC count
61
Lobes of lymphocytes?
Big unlobed nucleus with rim of cytoplasm.
62
Types of lymphocytes?
T lymphocytes B lymphocytes NK cells
63
Origin of lymphocytes?
stem cell in bone marrow via lymphoid lineage.
64
Maturation of lymphocytes?
B in bone marrow except | T lymphocytes in thymus.
65
Location of lymphocytes?
Found in blood circulation and lymphoid tissues.
66
What are the surface structures of T-lymphocytes?
TCR (T cell antigen receptor) , CD3, CD4 or CD8, MHC I
67
What are the functional subsets of T-lymphocytes?
CD4 and CD8
68
What is the function of CD-4 cells?
- Display CD4 molecules on surface that bind to MHC II. - helps other cells e.g. Help in activating B cells to produce antibodies. - Constitute 65% of peripheral T cells.
69
Where are CD4 cells located and what is their function?
-Predominant in the thymus medulla, tonsils and blood.
70
Amount of CD8 lymphocytes in the body?
35% of peripheral mature cells and two third of all mature T cells.
71
Where are CD8 predominant?
bone marrow and GALT.
72
What is the function of lymphocytes?
- Display CD8 molecules on surface, that recognize and bind to MHC I - They are killing cells responsible for destruction of host cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens.
73
What is the function of suppressor T cells?
- Display CD8 molecules, | - Suppress the immune response
74
Percent of B lymphocytes in the body?
-30% of circulating lymphocytes
75
life span B lymphocytes?
Short life span (days or weeks)
76
surface structures of B lymphocytes?
MHC I, MHC II, IgM and IgD as antigen receptors called BCR), receptors for Fc fragment of IgG and C3d.
77
Fate of B lymphocytes after activation?
- Upon activation they differentiate into plasma cells that secrete immunoglobulins - B cells and plasma cells are the only cells that synthesize immunoglobulins.
78
Location of B lymphocytes?
Found in the blood, germinal center of lymph nodes, white pulp of spleen and in the GALT.
79
Function of B lymphocytes?
synthesis of immunoglobulins and antigen presenting cells(APC)
80
Amount of Natural Killer cells in the body?
5-10% of peripheral lymphocytes.
81
nucleus of NK cells?
Big nucleus
82
Granules of NK cells?
cytoplasm granules.
83
Surface structures of NK cells?
- MHC I - KAR(killer activating receptor) - KIR(killer inhibiting receptor) - receptor for Fc fragment of IgG.
84
Functions of NK cells?
- Function mainly in innate immunity but interacts also in adaptive immunity by performing ADCC. - Kills host virus-infected cells, tumor cells and graft cells.
85
Derivation of plasma cells?
Derived from terminally differentiated B cells in SLT such as spleen and lymph nodes
86
Where do plasma cells reside after derivation?
tend to home primarily to the bone marrow where they may persist for months or even years.
87
Function of plasma cells?
Both synthesize and secrete immunoglobulins into the fluids around the cells.
88
Location of plasma cells?
The spleen contains large number of plasma cells in the white pulp secreting immunoglobulins in the circulation
89
Nucleus of plasma cells?
star-like nucleus
90
Cytoplasm of plasma cells?
basophilic
91
Amount of platelets/thrombocytes in body?
150000-400000per cubic mm of blood.
92
Size of platelets
Smallest blood cells, plate-like spherical or oval discoid .
93
Nucleus of platelets?
Anuclear
94
Granules of platelets?
cytoplasm contain granules
95
Life span of platelets?
average 10 days.
96
Function of platelets?
- role in clot formation, clot retraction and wound healing, repair of injured blood vessels and defense mechanism - Because of property of agglutination platelets are capable of phagocytosis mainly of carbon particles, viruses and immune complexes.
97
Fate of platelets?
destroyed by tissue macrophages system in spleen.
98
Discuss the process of maturation of lymphocytes
1- proliferation of immature cells (cytokine IL7) 2- expression of antigen receptors 3- selection of lymphocytes that express useful antigen receptors
99
How do T-cells mature?
**read over this!!
100
How do B-cells develop?
- Takes place in bone marrow - Number of developmental stages - Mature B-lymphocytes bear IgM and IgD as antigen receptors on their surface - Other surface structures include MHC I ,MHC II, receptors for Complement C3 and Fc of IgG. - Immature B cells that express high affinity receptors to self antigens, that they encounter in the bone marrow, die or fail to mature (negative selection or clonal deletion) - B-cells are not MHC restricted

Micro - Immunology (6 decks)

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