Lec 3 Neurophysiology Part 2: Central Nervous System

Question 1

The cerebrum is made up of the right and left cerebral hemisphere. What is it connected by?

Answer 1

Corpus Callosum & Anterior Commissure

Question 2

Why is the cerebral cortex, covering the cerebrum, gray (gray matter)?

Answer 2

Lack of myelination

Question 3

Why does the cerebral cortex have a very large surface area?

Answer 3

Because of more neurons, meaning the ability to process more information & speed

Question 4

What are the four(4) lobes? What are they’re functions?

Answer 4

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) ) Occipital
4) Temporal

Question 5

The Cerebral Cortex is loosely organized in a topographical map, is motor behavior processed in one area of the brain?

Answer 5

No, Different things of motor behavior are process in multiple areas of the brain

Question 6

In the Frontal Lobe, What is the purpose of the Central Sulcus?

Answer 6

Dividing Frontal from parietal lob

Question 7

In the Frontal Lobe, what is the purpose of the pre-central gyrus ( primary motor cortex)?

Answer 7

Initiate motor responses ( output directly to spinal cord)

Question 8

In the frontal lobe, what is the purpose of the pre-motor area?

Answer 8

plans and sends plan to pre-central gyrus

Question 9

In the frontal lobe, what is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex of lobe?

Answer 9

thinking, planning, aggression

Question 10

Why is there more sensory in your hands?

Answer 10

Hands is what we use to define and characterize all objects when lacking another

Question 11

What is the primary purpose of the temporal lobe?

Answer 11

Heading and smell (Auditory & Olfaction)

Question 12

What is the Wernicke’s Area?

Answer 12

Area understanding speech storage of long term memories

Question 13

What main purpose of Broca’s area?

Answer 13

Integration & association of speaking and understanding what you say

Question 14

What is Aphasia?

Answer 14

Disorder elated to language

Example: I had a stroke, leaving the left side of my brain damaged

Question 15

What is Apraxia?

Answer 15

Brain injury related to carrying out purposeful voluntary movements (not paralyzed)

Example: I am tomorrow sister

Question 16

What is CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encphalopathy?

Answer 16

Brain Injury lasting a lifetime caused by traumatic events

Question 17

How can CTE be seen & what are the symptoms?

Answer 17

CTE can only be seen post death. It is due to the breaking of brain tissue, and building of tau protein

Symptoms: dementia & loss of motor control

Question 18

What is the primary purpose of the Occipital Lobe?

Answer 18

Visual center & associated areas

Question 19

Damage to visual cortex does not necessarily mean being blind,this is regarded as blindsight. What is Blindsight?

Answer 19

Believing you can’t see, but brain is stimulated because the connection from the eyes are still active

Question 20

What is Basal Ganglia?

Answer 20

Group of ganglia or regions within the cerebrum & mid-brain

Question 21

What are the (4) lobes of Basal Ganglia?

Answer 21

1) Striatum
2) Clobus Pallidus
3) Substantia Nigra
4) Subthalamic Nucleus

Question 22

Striatum of Basal Ganglia projects (2) pathways: Direct and Indirect. What does Direct and Indirect pathways do?

Answer 22

Direct= Increase Motor Activity
Indirect= Exciting indirect pathway, there less motor activity

Question 23

***Go Over Direct & Indirect Pathway in Recording

Answer 23

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Question 24

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter. What is its pathway, and what is its net effect?

Answer 24

Excites Direct Pathway ; Increased motor activity

Question 25

Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter. What is its pathway, and what is its net effect?

Answer 25

Excited Indirect pathway; Decrease motor activity

Question 26

What are (2) disorders of the Basal Ganglia?

Answer 26

Hypokinesia & Hyperkinesia

Question 27

What is Hypokinesia? What is the decreased neurotransmitter? & How is it treated?

Answer 27

Loss of Motor Activity; Decrease in dopamine | Treatment: Dopamine agonist or agents to decrease Acetylcholine

Question 28

What is Hyperkinesia? What is the decreased neurotransmitter? & How is it treated?

Answer 28

Increased Motor Activity; Loss of GABAergic and Cholinergic cells (acetylcholine as neurotransmitter) Treatment: cholinergic agaonist, or agents reducing dopamine

Question 29

What is the Diencephalon?

Answer 29

Combination of Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Hippocampus

Question 30

What is the thalamus's purpose?

Answer 30

Gateway for sensory/motor information to cortex | & important role in sensorimotor integration

Question 31

What is the Hypothalamus's purpose?

Answer 31

Role in control of endocrine system, body homeostasis

Question 32

What is the Hippocampus's purpose?

Answer 32

memory

Question 33

What happens in Corollary Discharge?

Answer 33

Cerebral Motor cortex sends copy of movement to thalamus. During movement, the thalamus compares the command to the sensory information, confirming desire movement/item is achieved. Basically: Sending message to brain for an item you are wanting to touch, touching the item needed, then concluding that the item is what you wanted accordingly

Question 34

What is the Mesencephalon (below diencephalons, above brainstem)?

Answer 34

Area including the Superior Colliculi and the Inferior Coliiculi

Question 35

What is the difference between the Superior Colliculi & the Inferior Colliculi?

Answer 35

Superior Colliculi= Seeing and doing action | Inferior Colliculi= Identifying danger by sound

Question 36

Cerebellum has more neurons than the rest of the bra, What is its functions?

Answer 36

Execution of smooth & accurate movements Control of posture Motor Learning

Question 37

What are the (3) parts of the brainstem?

Answer 37

Pons Medulla Reticular Formation

Question 38

Where is the Pons located?

Answer 38

Bridge between cerebrum & cerebellum | Bridge between cerebrum & spinal cord

Question 39

What role does the Medulla do?

Answer 39

regulation of respiration & heartbeat crossing of afferent/efferent pathways "ingoing & outgoing" pathways

Question 40

What is the purpose of the Reticular Formation?

Answer 40

Access to all sensory information & can influence motor activity

Question 41

What does the EEG (electroencephalogry) do?

Answer 41

Measure of brain electrical activity where information is being processed during sleep or performance of a skill

Question 42

What does a PET (Positron Emission Tophography) do?

Answer 42

Measure blood flow & metabolic activity in the brain

Question 43

What does the fMRI do?

Answer 43

Magnetic field hat disturbs atoms momentarily & measure energy released as they relax

Question 44

What is the limitation of the fMRI?

Answer 44

Typically measures blood flow as an indication of activity

Question 45

***Look at Spinal Cord (Cross Section) Notes

Answer 45

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Question 46

What is a plexus in the Spinal Nerves?

Answer 46

Complex networks formed by nerve root pairs

Question 47

What is another name for Sensory Pathways?

Answer 47

Ascending Tracts

Question 48

What are (2) important sensory tracts ( cerebrum)?

Answer 48

Dorsal Colum Medial Lemniscal Tract (Anterolateral System): Proprioception & temperature& touch & Pressure Spinocerebellar Tracts: Transmitting proprioception to cerebellum

Question 49

What is another name for Motor Pathway?

Answer 49

Descending Tracts

Question 50

What is the tract name for Motor Pathway?

Answer 50

Pyramidal (corticospinal) tract (from cerebral cortext to spinal cord)

Question 51

What is the role of Extra Pyramidal Tract?

Answer 51

Posture control & limited role in hands and finger control

Question 52

What can Spinal Cord Injuries cause?

Answer 52

Interrupt communication between brain and periphery , while certain areas can affect motor control in different ways