lec 4

Question 1

What are Bryophyta?

Answer 1

Bryophytes lack vascular tissues and comprise Liverworts, Mosses, Hornworts

They have no conducting and strengthening tissues (xylem & phloem) and are generally found in moist and shady localities.

Question 2

Why are Bryophytes called the amphibians of the plant kingdom?

Answer 2

They live in soil but need water for sexual reproduction.

Question 3

What challenges do land plants face?

Answer 3

• Retain Moisture
• Wind
• UV exposure
• Support
• Reproduction

Question 4

What are stomata?

Answer 4

Microscopic pores on the surface of leaves and stems that allow gas exchange.

Question 5

What is the function of a cuticle in plants?

Answer 5

A hydrophobic layer that protects the outer cell wall from the environment.

Question 6

What is the vascular system in plants responsible for?

Answer 6

Transporting water and nutrients.

Question 7

What is the function of xylem in plants?

Answer 7

Transporting water from the roots.

Question 8

What is the function of phloem in plants?

Answer 8

Transporting sugar from the leaves.

Question 9

What structural adaptations do land plants have for support?

Answer 9

• Roots
• Lignin in the cell wall
• Allow taller growth

Question 10

Why do aquatic plants not need a supporting system?

Answer 10

Buoyancy.

Question 11

What are seedless vascular plants characterized by?

Answer 11

They have vascular tissue and use spores, depending on water for reproduction.

Question 12

What are the two classifications of seedless vascular plants based on leaves?

Answer 12

• Lycophytes (Microphylls)
• Monilophytes (Megaphylls)

Question 13

What are characteristics of Lycophytes?

Answer 13

Small leaves with a single vein, including club mosses and spike mosses.

Question 14

What are characteristics of Monilophytes?

Answer 14

Larger leaves with more than one vascular strand, including ferns and horsetails.

Question 15

What do seed plants produce?

Answer 15

Seeds that usually contain an embryo and stored food.

Question 16

What are the main differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

Answer 16

• Gymnosperms: Non-flowering, softwood, needle-like leaves
• Angiosperms: Flowering, hardwood, flat leaves

Question 17

How are Gymnosperms pollinated?

Answer 17

By animals, wind, and water.

Question 18

How are Angiosperms pollinated?

Answer 18

Primarily by wind.

Question 19

What is the life cycle difference between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?

Answer 19

• Gymnosperms: Evergreen
• Angiosperms: Seasonal life cycle

Question 20

What are the two main types of Fungi?

Answer 20

Microorganisms such as yeasts and mushrooms.

Question 21

How do fungi acquire their nutrients?

Answer 21

By absorption.

Question 22

What is the primary component of most fungi cell walls?

Answer 22

Chitin.

Question 23

What are hyphae?

Answer 23

Threadlike networks that serve as feeding structures.

Question 24

What do fungi secrete to aid in digestion?

Answer 24

Powerful enzymes that digest macromolecules into monomers.

Question 25

What role do fungi play in ecosystems?

Answer 25

Essential decomposers and nutrient suppliers to plants.

Question 26

What is mycorrhizae?

Answer 26

A symbiotic association where fungi help plants acquire nutrients from soil.

Question 27

What is an example of a spore produced by fungi?

Answer 27

Sporangiospores.

Question 28

What type of reproduction do coenocytic hyphae exhibit?

Answer 28

Both sexual and asexual reproduction.

Question 29

Which type of hyphae forms mycorrhizae?

Answer 29

Coenocytic hyphae.

Question 30

What is the primary function of septate hyphae?

Answer 30

Sexual reproduction.

Question 31

What is a key question regarding algae?

Answer 31

Can algae provide a renewable source of energy?