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Toxicology > Lec 4 > Flashcards

Lec 4 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What are pesticides?

A

Compounds designed to eradicate undesirable pests

Includes insecticides and rodenticides

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2
Q

List the types of insecticides.

A
  • Organophosphorus
  • Carbamate
  • Organochlorine
  • Pyrethroids
  • Naphthalene
  • Inorganic insecticides (e.g. Lead hydrogen arsenate)

Organophosphorus and carbamate are common categories

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3
Q

What types of rodenticides are mentioned?

A
  • Anticoagulants
  • Zinc phosphide
  • Strychnine
  • Naphthylthiourea agents
  • Fluorinated agents

These are used to control rodent populations

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4
Q

What are the conditions of pesticide exposure?

A
  • Accidental
  • Occupational
  • Suicidal
  • Homicidal

Accidental exposure is common, especially in children

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of organophosphorus insecticides?

A

Inhibit cholinesterase, leading to accumulation of acetylcholine

This causes stimulation followed by depression of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

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6
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning?

A
  • CNS stimulation: anxiety, irritability, convulsions
  • CNS depression: coma, respiratory & cardiovascular depression
  • Muscarinic effects: DUMBELS
  • Nicotinic effects: muscular fasciculation then weakness

DUMBELS stands for Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis, Bradycardia, bronchorrhea, bronchospasm, Emesis, Lacrimation, Salivation

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7
Q

What is the fatal dose of parathion?

A

0.02-0.1 g orally

This is a common organophosphate insecticide

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8
Q

What are the late sequelae of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning?

A
  • Intermediate syndrome: paralysis of proximal muscles
  • Delayed peripheral neuropathy: paresthesia and weakness

Intermediate syndrome begins 3 days after exposure; delayed neuropathy begins after 3 weeks

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9
Q

What is the role of atropine in organophosphorus insecticide poisoning?

A

Antagonizes muscarinic action

It is part of the antidotal treatment

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10
Q

How do carbamates differ from organophosphates?

A
  • Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors
  • Shorter duration of toxicity
  • No long-term sequelae

Carbamates have a rapid onset and do not cause CNS effects

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11
Q

What are the uses of naphthalene?

A
  • Moth repellents
  • Toilet bowl deodorizers

Naphthalene is toxic and may cause hemolysis

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12
Q

What is the clinical picture of naphthalene poisoning?

A
  • Hemolysis
  • GIT symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
  • CNS symptoms: coma, convulsions
  • Renal failure

G6PD deficiency increases the risk of hemolysis

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13
Q

What is the treatment for naphthalene poisoning?

A
  • Supportive treatment
  • GIT decontamination
  • Symptomatic treatment

Blood transfusion may be necessary in severe hemolysis

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14
Q

What are the clinical effects of pyrethrins/pyrethroids?

A
  • Skin irritation
  • Respiratory irritation
  • GIT symptoms
  • CNS effects

Severe toxicity can affect the CNS

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of toxic action of zinc phosphide?

A

Hydrolysis to phosphine gas, causing gastrointestinal and pulmonary irritation

Phosphine is a cytochrome C oxidase inhibitor

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16
Q

What is the treatment for zinc phosphide poisoning?

A
  • Supportive treatment
  • GIT decontamination
  • Symptomatic treatment

Inhalation may require 100% humidified oxygen

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17
Q

What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?

A

Blocks the vitamin K cycle, impairing the production of blood-clotting factors

This leads to gradual development of bleeding

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18
Q

What are the signs of warfarin overdose?

A
  • Hematuria
  • Blood in stool
  • Epistaxis
  • Bruising

Severe cases can lead to intracranial hemorrhage

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19
Q

What is the antidote for warfarin poisoning?

Study These Flashcards
A

Vitamin K1

Takes several hours to activate enough factors to reverse coagulopathy

20
Q

Define drug dependence.

Study These Flashcards
A

Chronic intoxication characterized by physical dependence and tolerance

Results in detrimental effects to the individual and community

21
Q

What are the four main classes of abused drugs?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Depressants
  • Stimulants
  • Hallucinogens
  • Others

Each class has distinct effects and risks

22
Q

What are the withdrawal manifestations of opiates?

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A
  • Craving for the drug
  • Generalized aches
  • Irritability and insomnia
  • Increased secretions
  • Dilated pupils

Withdrawal typically starts 15 hours after stopping

23
Q

When does withdrawal typically start after stopping the drug?

Study These Flashcards
A

15 hours after stopping the drug.

24
Q

What is the peak time for withdrawal symptoms?

25
How long does withdrawal typically subside?
Over 7 days.
26
What are common withdrawal manifestations?
* Craving for the drug * Generalized aches * Irritability and insomnia * Nausea & vomiting * Increased secretions * Yawning * Dilated pupils * Tachycardia & hypertension
27
What is the treatment for opiate withdrawal?
* Hospitalization * Gradual reduction of opiate * Substitution by Methadone or Buprenorphine
28
What are the physical symptoms associated with Tramadol?
* Similar to opiate with higher incidence of nausea * Dizziness * Loss of appetite * Convulsions
29
What mental symptoms are associated with Tramadol use?
* Aggressive behavior * Suicidal thoughts * Mood swings
30
What are the withdrawal symptoms of SSRI?
* Numbness * Tingling * Paresthesia * Tinnitus * Hallucinations * Paranoia * Extreme anxiety * Panic attacks * Confusion
31
What is the role of Clonidine in Tramadol treatment?
It is an alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulant that decreases all withdrawal symptoms.
32
What are common treatment methods for cocaine use?
* Hospitalization * Barbiturates or Diazepam for anxiety or convulsions * Good nutrition * Vitamins * Physical exercise * Psychological and religious rehabilitation
33
What physical symptoms are associated with cocaine use?
* Facial pallor * Dilated pupils * Crack keratitis * Euphoria * Hallucinations * Cocaine bugs
34
What are the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine?
* Irritability * Neurological pain in arms and legs * Tendency to violence
35
What are the names of some new designer drugs?
* Bath salts * Flakka * Voodoo * Strox * Shabu
36
What are Bath Salts derived from?
Khat plant containing natural cathinone.
37
What are the clinical manifestations of Bath Salts?
* Strong stimulant effects * Addictive properties
38
What supportive measures are used for Bath Salts treatment?
* ABC Supportive measures * GIT decontamination * Symptomatic treatment
39
What is the mechanism of action of Flakka?
Potent re-uptake inhibitor of dopamine and norepinephrine.
40
What are the physical effects of Flakka?
* Insensitivity to pain * Tachyarrhythmias * Hypertension * Hyperthermia * Respiratory distress * Excessive sweating * Seizures * Cerebral edema * Stroke * Rhabdomyolysis * Renal failure
41
What psychological effects are associated with Flakka?
* Loss of awareness * Euphoria * Anxiety * Aggression * Self-mutilation * Panic attacks
42
What is Voodoo in the context of drugs?
Herbs sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids.
43
How do synthetic cannabinoids compare to THC?
* Up to 800 times more active * Full agonists compared to THC's partial agonist properties
44
What are the severe effects of synthetic cannabinoids?
* Hypertension * Dysrhythmias * Agitation * Hallucinations * Delusions * Seizures * Coma * Rhabdomyolysis * Acute kidney failure
45
What is Strox in drug terms?
A newer drug similar to Voodoo, with additional ingredients like atropine and hyoscine.
46
What are the clinical manifestations of Shabu?
* Fast heart rate * Dilated pupils * Toxic psychosis * Confusion * Hallucinations * Seizures or coma
47
What are the dangers associated with Shabu?
* Rapid addictiveness * Strokes * Kidney and liver damage * CNS destruction * Auditory and visual hallucinations * Complete loss of memory and vision

Toxicology (5 decks)

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