FILL IN THE BLANKS OF THE SEQUENCE. 1. Thymic stromal and epithelial cells are gradually replaced by ___. 2. This leads to the decline of IL-___. 3. As a result there is decreased _____ of ____ cells.

1. Thymic stromal and epithelial cells are gradually replaced by adipose tissue. 2. This leads to the decline of IL-7 3. As a result there is decreased proliferation / differentiation of Lymphoid / T-cells

Lec 7: Flashcards by Reyben Ki

It refers to the process wherein the body’s immune system weakens due to senescence.

Aging

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THYMIC INVOLUTION:

Increase or Decrease

a. Adiposity in thymus
b. Thymic output
c. Thymic epithelial cells
d. IL-7 production

A. Increase
B. decrease
C. decrease
D. decrease

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Increase or Decrease

A. Tumor incidents
B. Infection susceptibility
C. Autoimmune or inflammatory reaction
D. Telomerase activity
E. Immune response to vaccination

A. Increase
B. increase
C. Increase
D. decrease
E. decrease

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When the thymus shrinks in size its parenchymal component gets replaced by ___.

Adipose tissue or fats

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These cells cause the maturation of lymphocytes

Thymic epithelial cells

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This is a signaling molecule that stimulates the differentiation of lymphoid series.

IL-7

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CELLULAR EFFECTS IN AGING: T LYMPHOCYTES

Increase or Decrease

A. Memory T-cell
B. CD8
C. Naive T-cell pool
D. TCR diversity
E. CD4

A. Increase
B. Increase
C. Decrease
D. Decrease
E. Decrease

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CELLULAR EFFECTS IN AGING: B LYMPHOCYTES

Increase or Decrease

A. Memory B-cell
B. IgG & IgA serum levels
C. Naive B-cell pool
D. IgM & IgD serum levels

A. Increase
B. Increase
C. Decrease
D. Decrease

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INFLAMMAGING:

Increase or Decrease

A. Inflammatory mediators
B. IL-6
C. CRP
D. Tissue dysfunction

A. Increase
B. Increase
C. Increase
D. Increase

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The enzyme that regenerates/replenishes the telomeres of the
chromosomes.

Telomerase

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• These are non-functional (non-coding) DNA sequences
• Found at the tips of your chromosomes
• Protects normal functional DNA.
• Acts as chromosome’s protective caps

Telomeres

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FILL IN THE BLANKS OF THE SEQUENCE.

Thymic stromal and epithelial cells are gradually replaced by ___.
This leads to the decline of IL-___.
As a result there is decreased _____ of ____ cells.

Thymic stromal and epithelial cells are gradually replaced by adipose tissue.
This leads to the decline of IL-7
As a result there is decreased proliferation / differentiation of Lymphoid / T-cells

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TRUE OR FALSE

Although the B series has also decreased, they are preserved because the bone marrow does NOT undergo a specific involution like the thymus

TRUE

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• These cells are responsible for maturation of thymocytes
• they induce generation and selection of newly generated T-cells

Epithelial cells

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It is the primary producer of IL-7

Thymic stromal cells

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The primary hematopoietic factor for the survival, proliferation, and replication of the LYMPHOID precursors lineage

IL-7

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The hematopoetic factor of the MYELOID series that causes formation of CFU-GEMM

IL-3

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TRUE OR FALSE

IL-3 are cells that are NOT affected by thymus involution
Involution involves IL-7 and not IL-3.

TRUE
TRUE

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TRUE OR FALSE

DECREASE IN IL-7 leads to:
A. Increase in Naive T and B cells
B. Lesser memory cells

FALSE

A. Decrease
B. More

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The state of chronic or constant low level inflammation in elderly caused by pro-inflammatory cytokines

Inflammaging

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TRUE OR FALSE

Due to immunosenescence, IL-3 is completely NOT affected.

FALSE

• the numbers are preserved but the function is compromised

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Increase or Decrease: NEUTROPHIL

A. neutrophilia or numbers
B. Chemotaxis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Super oxide generation
E. NET generation

A. Retained ✓
B. Decrease ↓
C. decrease ↓
D. decrease ↓
E. decrease ↓

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Increase or Decrease: MONOCYTE

A. Numbers
B. Chemotaxis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Super oxide generation
E. Cytokine generation

A. Retained ✓
B. Decrease ↓
C. decrease ↓
D. decrease ↓
E. decrease ↓

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NK cell:

A. Numbers
B. CD56^dim cells
C. NKp30
D. NKp46
E. Cytotoxity

A. Increase
B. increase
C. decrease
D. decrease
E. Decrease

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DENDRITIC CELLS A. Recruitment to lymphoid organs B. Phagocytosis C. Antigen presentation

A. Decrease B. decrease C. decrease

They are innate immune cells that act as hybrids, linked to both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages.

NK CELLS

Defined as changes in the immune system associated with age

Immunosenescence

How does the senescence of the immune system come to be?

Through accumulation of damage throughout person's life

ENVIRONMENTAL IRRITANTS: mechanism 1. Virus 2. Example of #1 3. Allergens

1. Some viruses will **integrate its DNA into the host cell** (lymphoid progenitors) leading to development of lymphoma and leukemia 2. **Epstein Barr Virus** 3. Sensitization can cause chronic inflammation, especially in the lungs

What happens when irritants accumulate over time?

- once irritants accumulate, they will release DAMPs. - DAMPs will stimulate innate immunity: --> activate phagocytes --> release pro-inflammatory cytokines

Mitochondria are originally derived from what bacteria

Purple bacteria: a-proteobacteria

Inflammaging is caused by ___.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

What is Glycation?

The non-enzymatic attachment of reducing sugars to proteins found throughout the body due to excess amounts.

TRUE OR FALSE Glycation: The rate of reaction is dependent upon concentration.

True

Production of a significant amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines that is enough to kill a person.

Cytokine Storm

Cytokine Storm leads to ____ shock

Hypovolemic

How do you prevent cytokines from forming? Give example.

Use anti-inflammatory monoclonal antibodies --> **Tocilizumab**

A monoclonal antibody that blocks the IL-6 receptors, making it an anti-inflammatory drug. It is given to people undergoing cytokine Storm.

TOCILIZUMAB

**Supressed** inflammation is regulated by what cells?

Treg / Regulatory T-cell / T suppressors

Complete name of AID

Active-induced cytidine deaminase

What does AID do?

- deaminates cytidine - induces cleavage of DNA

Complete name of: - CSR - SHM

- class switch recombination - somatic hypermutation

Mechanisms of CSR and SHM

CSR --> induces **DNA cleavage** in excision SHM --> induces **change in DNA** as the cell proliferates

A protein that confers **increased protection against mRNA degradation** in the cytosol.

E47

mRNA codes for ___

Antibodies

↑ mRNA = ↑ ribosomes = ↑ ____ production

↑ mRNA = ↑ ribosomes = ↑ **antibody** production

What are the 2 markers for Normal Lymphocytes?

- IgD - CD27

The marker for your MATURE lymphocytes

IgD

The marker for your ACTIVATED lymphocytes

CD27

CD27 and IgD are both absent on Lymphocytes

DOUBLE NEGATIVE B CELLS

TRUE OR FALSE B cells can ONLY proliferate in the germinal center

FALSE --> not germinal-dependent

TRUE OR FALSE B cells can become Double Negative even before it becomes **exhausted**.

True

Which statement is TRUE? A. DN1 is very inflammatory. B. It is more pro-inflammatory than DN2 and DN3.

CHOICE A: _FALSE_ • it should be **pro-inflammatory** CHOICE B: _FALSE_ • DN2 & DN3 are the most pro-inflammatory, more than the DN1.

The most pro-inflammatory SUBSET of B cells

DN B cells

Increase or Decrease? The DN B cells are ____ in production in areas of **pro-inflammatory microenvironment**.

Increase

TRUE OR FALSE: **DN B Cells** 1. Replicate quickly 2. Translationally active 3. Produce proteins and **auto**antibodies

1. FALSE --> **they do not** replicate, only produced. 2. FALSE --> **Transcriptionally** active 3. TRUE

Production of DN B CELLS 1. In the germinal center, the cells undergo ___ (3) 2. They ___ (adjective) exit the germinal center and become ___ B cells. 3. In the extrafollicular pathway, ____ signals promote differentiation of B cells into ___ (2). 4. The B cells become exhausted which will be called ___ B cells. 5. Then, the expansion of pro-inflammatory subsets leads to ____ (2).

1. proliferation, somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation. 2. A.) Prematurely B.) DN1 3. A.) Inflammatory B.) DN2 and DN3 4. SM B cells 5. inflammation & autoimmunity

A non living organism containing a nucleic acid core and encapsulated with a protein coat.

Virus

True or False A virus is an obligate intracellular pathogen.

True

TRUE OR FALSE Viruses have DNA and other elements such as ribosomes.

FALSE • they only have DNA

VIRUS REPLICATION 1. A virus replicates by ___ on a host cell and entering it. 2. Once inside, the virus ___ and releases ___. 3. The released components will be converted to ___ components. 4. Those components will merge with the ___, assembling new virus copies.

1. Binding to the host cell's receptors 2. A.) uncoats its capsid B.) nucleic acids 3. Viral components 4. Newly replicated RNA/DNA

INNATE RESPONSE: INTERFERONS (4) Activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors

- toll-like receptors - RIG-I-like receptors - Nod-like receptors - Cytosolic nucleic acid sensors

TYPE 1 INTERFERON a. Source of stimulation B. Source of production C. Type

A. Bacterial and viral components B. Every cell of the body C. IFN-a and IFN-b

TYPE 2 INTERFERON a. Source of stimulation B. Source of production C. Type

A. IL-12 & IL-2 B. T-cell C. IFN-y

Lec 7: Flashcards

(64 cards)