LEC 7 Flashcards
1
Q
branch of biology that
studies the structure, function, and transmission of
genetic material at the molecular level.
A
molecular genetics
2
Q
focuses on how genes are encoded, expressed,
and regulated, influencing heredity and biological
functions
A
molecular genetics
3
Q
sugar phosphate backbone of dna
A
A,T,G,C
4
Q
DNA is a polymer that made up of
A
nucleotides
5
Q
3 diff component of nucleotides
A
- sugar group
- phosphate group
- base
6
Q
4 bases:
A
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Guanine
- Cytosine
7
Q
what holds DNA strands together?
A
HYDROGEN BONDS
8
Q
the bases on DNA strands acts as a ___
A
code
9
Q
process of DNA to RNA
A
transcription
10
Q
process of RNA to protein
A
translation
11
Q
enzyme that transcribe DNA into mRNA
A
RNA POLYMERASE
12
Q
splits the 2 strands of DNA
A
RNA polymerase
13
Q
what is the difference of RNA and orig DNA?
A
DNA: THYMINE
RNA: URACIL
14
Q
it carries the genetic code out of the cell nucleus, into the cytoplasm
A
mRNA
15
Q
mol the carry out TRANSLATION PROCESS
A
RIBOSOSMES
16
Q
technique to modify DNA by adding, deleting, altering genetic sequence
A
GENE EDITING
17
Q
can be used to correct genetic disorders
A
GENE EDITING
18
Q
purpose of gene edting (4)
A
- med applciations
- agri
- scientific research
- biotech
19
Q
types of gene edting (5)
A
- CRISPR-Cas9
- TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases)
- ZFNs (zinc finger nucleases)
- Based editing
- Prime editing
20
Q
- precise genome editing
- created by fusing DNA-binding domain derived from TALE proteins
A
TALENs
21
Q
in TALENs, what is a DNA cleavage domain allowing for targeted DNA cutting
A
Fokl
22
Q
- versatile tool for genome editing
- both IN VITRO and IN VIVO
A
TALENs
23
Q
advantage of TALENs
A
- precise targeting
- versatile
- modular design
24
Q
disad of TALENs
A
- mosaicism
- off-target effects
25
a mutant allele is only present in some of transfected cell
MOSAICISM
26
can cut DNA at unintended locations (wrong siya basta)
OFF-TARGETS
27
-artificial restriction enzyme
- combine a ZINC FINGER DNA-BINDING DOMAIN w/ DNA-CLEAVAGE DOMAIN
ZFN (ZIN FINGER NUCLEASES)
28
work by RECOGNIZING and BINDING to a SPECIFIC DNA SEQUENCE
- inducing a DOUBLE-STAND BREAK
ZNF
29
ZNFs are ____ proteins
CHIMERIC
30
____ proteins are made up of 2 distinct parts:
CHIMERIC
1. DNA-BINDING DOMAIN
2. DNA-CLEAVAGE DOMAIN
31
composed of multiple zinc motifs, each of w/c recognize a specific 3-base pair seq of DNA
DNA-BINDING DOMAIN
32
derived from Fokl endonuclases
DNA-CLEAVAGE DOMAIN
33
cleaves DNA at a double-stranded site
Fokl Endonucleases
34
applications of ZFN
1. gene therapy
2. research
3. dev new techs
35
correcting gene defects
gene therapy
36
adv of ZFNs
1. high specificity
2. versatility
3. potential for gene therapy
37
ability to target specific DNA @ high precision
HIGH SPECIFICITY
38
limitations of ZFNs
1. off-target effects
2. complexity
3. delivery challenes
39
uses components of CRISPR system
- directly modify DNA/RNA
- w/o causing DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA BREAKS
BASE EDITING
40
"search-and-replace" genome
PRIME EDITING
41
w/o relaying on DNA TEMPLATES or DSBs (double-strand breaks)
PRIME EDITING
42
utilize a FUSION PROTEIN
PRIME EDITING
43
FUSION PROTEIN
impared Cas9 endonuclase (NICKASE)
44
adv of prime editing
1. no DBs
2. precision
3. versatility
45
with this, prime editing AVOIDS OFF-TARGET EFFECTS
NO DBSs
46
guides Cas9 nickase to the target DNA
pegRNA (PRIME EDITING GUIDE RNA)
47
gene editng tech derived from a NATURALLY OCCURING BACTERIAL DEFENSE STSTEM
CRISPR
48
"mol scissors"
Cas9 enzyme
49
direct Cas9 to targeted DNA
Guide RNA (gRNA)
50
cell repair the break, leading to gene editing
DNA Repair
51
2 types of CRISPR
Class 1: multi-protein complexes
Class 2: single-protein effectors
52
Type 1, 3, 4
multiple protein
found in bacteria and archaea
Class 1: multi-protein complexes
53
Type 2, 5, 6
single protein (Cas9 enzyme)
CRISPR-Cas9
Class 2: single-protein effectors
54
- heritable changes
- do not alter DNA seq
- "on" or "off"
EPIGENETICS
55
addition of methyl group to cytosine bases usually at CpG islands
DNA METHYLATION
56
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA METHYLATION
1. DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES
2. TET ENZYMES
57
add methyl group to DNA
DNA METHYLTRANSFERASES
58
can remove methylation, allowing gene reactivation
TET ENZYMES
59
effects of DNA METHYLATION
1. gene silencing
2. X-chrom inactivation
3. genomic imprinting
60
prevents transcription factor from binding to DNA
turns of gene
gene silencing
61
in female mammals, 1 x chrom is silenced
X-CHROMOSOME INACTIVATION
62
only 1 paarent's gene copy is expressed; 1 is silenced
GENOME IMPRINTING
63
syndrome that caused by improper DNA methylation
leads to loss of gene xperssion in neurons
ANGELMAN SYNDROME
64
caused by HYPERMETHYLATION of tumor suppresor genes
CANCER
65
- alters chromatin structure
- affect whether DNA is tightly packed or looslely packed
HISTONE MODIFICATION
66
TIGHTLY PACKED DNA
HETEROCHROMATIN
INACTIVE
67
LOOSELY PACKED DNA
EUCHROMATIN
ACTIVE
68
2 TYPES OF HISTONE MODIFICATIONS
1. ACETYLATION
2. METHYLATION
69
2 TYPES OF ACETYLATION
2. HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACs)
1. HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE (HATs)
70
adds acetyl group to histone
HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs)
71
DNA loosens, making genes ACTIVE
HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASES (HATs)
72
remove acetyl group
HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACs)
73
DNA tightens, making genes INACTIVE
HISTONE DEACETYLASES (HDACs)
74
2 types of METHYLATION
1. HISTONE METYHLTRANSFFERASES (HMTs)
2. HISTONE DEMETHYLASES (HDMs)
75
add methyl group
- activate or repress genes
HISTONE METHYLTRANSFERASES
76
remove methyl group
HISTONE DEMETHYLASES (HDMs)
77
plays a role in DNA repair and stress response
PHOSPHORYLATION
78
increase expression of tumor suppressor genes in cancer therapy
HISTONE ACETYLATION
79
linked to neurodegenerative diseases like alzheimer's
HISTONE DEACETYLATION
80
RNA MOLS THAT DO NOT CODE FOR PROTEINS BUT REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION
NON-CODING RNA REGULATION
81
types of non-coding RNA regulations (ncRNA)
1. microRNAs
2. long non-coding RNAs
3. piwi-interacting RNAs
82
bind to mRNA to prevent translation (gene silencing)
microRNAs
83
regulate chromatin remodeling and gene transcription
long non-coding RNAs
84
in protecting the genome from transposable elements (jumping genes)
piwi-interacting RNAs
85
___ is overexpressed in cancers leading to UNCONTROLLED CELL GROWTH
miRNA-21
86
give rise to diff cell types
STEM CELLS
87
stem cells give rise to diff cell types through what process?
EPIGENETIC MODIFICATION
88
TURN OFF UNNECESSARY GENES WHILE ACTIVIATING CELL-TYPE-SPECIFIC GENES
DNA METHYLATION and HISTONE MODIFICATION
89
in _____ differentiation, _____ genes are activated via ______
muscle cell
myogenic
histone acetylation
90
example of genetic imprinting
IGF2 gene (insulin-like growth factor 2)
91
only expressed from the PATERNAL allele
insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)
92
PATERNAL genes are lost
causing OBESITY and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
prader-willi syndrome (PWS)
93
MATERNAL lost
neurological problems (alzherimer's)
ANGELMAN SYNDROME
94
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCES EPIGENETICS (4)
1. DIET
2. STRESS
3. TOXINS
4. EXERCISE
95
influences DNA methylation
DIET:
1. folic acid
2. vit b12
3. polyphenols
96
early life trauma can alter DNA methylation and increase mental health risks
STRESS
97
chemicals that disrupt methylation and can lead to diseases:
FACTOR: TOXINS
- BPA
98
children of malnourished mothers had altered DNA methylation, increasing diabetes and hear disease risk
DUTCH HUNGER WINTER
99
SILENCE CANCER-FIGHTING GENES
HYPERMETHYLATION OF TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE
100
leads to UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION
HYPOMETHYLATION OF ONCOGENES
101
associateed with BREAST and OVARIAN CANCER
BRCA 1 GENE HYPERMETHYLATION
102
altered HISTONE MODIFICATION contribute to NEURODEGENERATION
ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
103
abnormal DNA methylation patterns affect NEUROTRANSMITTER regulation
SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION
104
reactivated silenced tumor suppressor genes
DNA METHYLATION INHIBITORS
105
example of DNA METHYLATION INHIBITOR
5-AZACYTIDINE (for leukemia
106
open chromatin structure to allow gene activationn
HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS
107
ex of HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS
VORINOSTAT (for lymphoma)
108
directly modifies epigenetic marks @ specific genes
CRISPR-BASED EPIGENETIC EDITING
