Lec 9 Flashcards by No Name

The sequence of events includes seed germination, seedling emergence, and development to the stage where the seedlings could be expected to grow to maturity. (Murray, et. al., 2006).

Crop Establishment

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Establishment depends on the complex interaction of?

seed
soil
climatic
biotic
machinery and management factors

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The yield potential of many crop species is dependent on?

the established population and the uniformity of
spacing of plants within that population

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Factors to be considered in determining the optimum
population and the spacing for a particular crop:

Distance between rows of plants
Spacing of plants within a row

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The pattern resulting from the random scattering of seeds on the soil surface.

Broadcast Planting

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The pattern resulting from the random dropping (and subsequent covering) of seeds in furrows to give definite rows of randomly spaced plants.

Drill Planting

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The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of single seeds in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced single plants.

Precision Drill Planting

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The pattern resulting from the accurate placement (and subsequent covering) of groups (or hills) of seed in furrows at about equal intervals to give definite rows of almost equally spaced groups of plants.

Hill Drop Planting

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The square-grid planting pattern resulting from the accurate and indexed placement (and subsequent covering of seed) of individual seeds or groups of seed. Individual plants, or groups of plants, are spaced equidistant apart and aligned in perpendicular rows.

Check Row Planting

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The pattern resulting from placing single or multiple seeds in individual holes that have been ‘punched’ or otherwise dug in the seedbed. The holes are usually aligned to form rows of established plants. Nevertheless, when hand, rather than machine, planting methods are used the holes may be randomly placed over the seedbed surface.

Dibble or Punch Planting

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Placing seedlings or groups of seedlings at about equal intervals in rows.

Transplanting

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The goal of all who grow crops is to?

obtain good germination and stand

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manually powered machine or any power-operated device used to place seeds, seed pieces, plant parts and seedlings in/on the soil for propagation and production.

Planting Equipment

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Designed to meter out seeds without damage at the desired rate and place them in moist soil, uniformly distributed or in hills, at the desired depth, and with the covering soil compacted as desired.

Planting Equipment

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Design Considerations

Size
Uniformity of shape and size
Shape,
Surface smoothness
Resistance to injury from compression and abrasion

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Planter Classification

Number of rows planted by one pass
Nature of the power source used
Method of attaching the machine to the power source (if applicable)
Based on the resultant planting pattern.

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It is directly related to how many furrow openers it has

Number of Rows

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the furrow openers are typically uniformly spaced across the full width of the machine.

multi-row machines

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Human-powered planters can typically be categorized as being either

Hand-held/carried
Pulled or pushed

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Animal-powered Planters are typically categorized as

Pulled

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Tractor-powered planters can generally be categorized as being:

Trailed
Semi-mounted
Front/mid/rear mounted

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Those that typically see the planter pulled by, pushed by or carried and pulled by the power source.

Methods of attachment

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Randomly distribute seed on the soil surface. As the seeds are deposited on the soil surface (i.e. not in furrows created by a furrow opener) an additional operation (e.g. harrowing) may be needed to cover seed.

Broadcast Planter

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Randomly drop seeds in furrows to form definite rows of established plants. This type of planter uses a mass flow type seed meter and is extensively used for the establishment of both winter and summer crops where there is no need to place plants equidistant down the rows.

Drill Planter

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Accurately place single seeds or groups of seed almost equidistant apart along a furrow. They are typically used to plant crops that require accurate control of plant population, and spacing between and along the rows to achieve the yield potential under given environmental conditions.

Precision Planter

Place a seed or a number of seeds in discrete holes, rather than furrows, dug in the seedbed. Typically, although not necessarily, the holes are equally spaced and aligned so as to form rows.

Dibble/Punch Planter

Group 1

Soil –and – Residue Cutting Devices

Primarily designed to cut soil and/or residue in the row area without significantly disturbing the seedbed.

Group 1: Soil –and – Residue Cutting Devices

Group 2

Row Preparation Devices

Primarily designed to alter surface residue and/or soil conditions to facilitate the operation of the planter’s furrow opening device or otherwise improve the prospects for crop establishment.

Group 2: Row Preparation Devices

Group 3

Furrow Opening Devices

The specific device that opens the furrow into which the seed is placed.

Group 3: Furrow Opening Devices

Group 4

Seed Firming Devices

Designed to press uncovered seed into the soil at the base of the seed furrow to improve seed/soil contact.

Group 4: Seed Firming Devices

Group 5

Seed Covering Devices

Specifically designed to promote soil flow back into the furrow to cover the seed after placement and/or firming. They play an important role in promoting and stabilizing conditions conducive to rapid seed germination and influencing seed emergence and establishment through the manipulation of the depth of soil cover over the seed.

Group 5: Seed Covering Devices

Group 6

Row Specific Seedbed Firming devices

Designed to firm the soil that covers the seed in a furrow.

Group 6: Row specific seedbed Firming devices

Group 7

Non row specific Seedbed firming/levelling devices

Designed to firm and/or level the entire field surface, i.e. exert their influence over both the row area and the inter-row space. When used, they usually perform the final soil working operation. These devices may be used on a planter in addition to, or as a replacement for, row specific seedbed firming devices.

Group 7: Non row specific Seedbed firming/levelling devices

Measured as the vertical distance from the seed to the soil surface immediately above the seed.

Effective planting depth

depth is typically related to seed size

Optimum effective depth

Small seeds

shallow depths (e.g. 3–8 mm)

Larger seeds

Deep depths (e.g. 30 to 60 mm)

Those devices that meter the seed from the seed box and deposit it into the delivery system that conveys the seed for placement on or in the seedbed.

Seed metering devices

Simple device consisting of a seed box, an agitator and a variable sized outlet orifice. The orifice size is usually adjusted by sliding a plate that increases or decreases the size of an opening or by rotating a plate to expose a different orifice size.

Stationary Opening Type Seed Meters

Employ a rotating member in the form of a fluted or a peg/studded roller to regulate seed flow from the seed box to the seed delivery system. In both cases, as the roller rotates the seed is moved and metered by the external surface of the roller.

External force feed type seed meters

Types of External Force Feed Seed Meters

1. Fluted roller types 2. Peg or studded roller types

Often referred to as double run seed meters, employ a rotating member in the form of a double-sided flanged disc. The width of the flange and the size of corrugations on their internal surface differ on each side of the disc, giving what is termed a fine and coarse side of the disc. As the disc rotates seed, directed to either the fine or coarse side of the disc (hence the term double run), is moved and metered by this corrugated internal surface of the flange.

Internal Force Feed Type Seed Meters

Unlike mass flow seed meters, precision meters attempt to meter single seeds. Classification largely depends on the design and/or shape of the principle moving element that enables seed singulation (i.e. the selection of single seeds from the seed lot).

Precision Seed Metering Devices

Those that principally use a moving plate with indents, i.e. holes, cells or cups, around its periphery and metering performance is generally highly dependent on matching the size (length, breadth and thickness) of the indents to the size of the seed.

Plate Type

Similar to mechanical plate meters in the principle of operation but differ substantially in that the plate is replaced by a continuous rubberized belt of fixed width and thickness with holes, compatible to the seed size, equally spaced along its length.

Belt type

This type of precision seed meter typically consists of a seed box, a multi-row metering drum, a seed delivery manifold and a blower or fan unit to pressurise the drum and seed box and deliver the seed to the furrow.

Pressurized drum type

Initially developed in an attempt to overcome the inconvenience of having to change the hole size and hence the plate, disc or drum every time a different seed size was to be metered.

Finger pick-up type

Include those devices that convey the seed from the meter to the device that deposits the seed on the soil surface or in the furrow.

Seed delivery systems

Most delivery systems can be broadly classified as:

1. gravity drop 2. mechanical assist 3. pneumatic

The seed simply falls through a cavity or a tube from the seed meter to the soil.

Gravity Drop Seed Delivery Systems

Mechanically assisted seed delivery systems incorporate a mechanical device to assist in the delivery of seed from the seed meter to the seedbed.

Mechanically assisted seed delivery systems

As commonly used on broadcast planters to assist spread seed over an appropriate width of the seedbed surface;

spinning discs or oscillating spout types

As used on precision seeders to assist in maintaining metering accuracy (seed spacing) between the meter and the furrow.

conveyor types

Used on multi-row planters fitted with a single centrally located seed box. The seed is metered into a delivery tube where it is conveyed by an air stream to individual furrow openers that are uniformly spaced across the full width of the machine.

Pneumatic seed distribution and/or delivery systems

The seed is metered directly into the tube that delivers it to the furrow by airflow in the tube.

Pneumatic Delivery Only Systems

Form the basis of the so-called ‘air seeders’ which are available as discrete machines or as a planting attachment for tined tillage equipment, such as chisel plows and cultivators.

Pneumatic Delivery and Division Systems

Planter Components

1. soil-engaging components 2. furrow opener depth control mechanism 3. seed metering 4. seed delivery and/or division system

Those that do not plant seeds but rather whole plants (i.e. seedling transplanters), plant stems (e.g. sugar cane whole stick or set type planters) or tubers (e.g. potato planters), etc.

Specialized planters

TYPES OF POTATO DROPPING MECHANISMS

The Picker Wheel Drop The Chain Cup Drop

This machine are used to save the labor and time of a farmer. Used when large quantities of plants such as cabbage, tobacco, tomatoes and sweet potatoes are to be transplanted. These machine have a device to open a small furrow, a tank to supply water, and disks or blade for closing the soil over the fertilizer and about the plants

TRANSPLANTING MACHINES

Primarily as a means of weed control. It requires less seed but much more labor, and the crop takes longer to mature due to transplanting shock.

Transplanting

Turn the throttle clockwise to increase acceleration and counter clockwise to reduce.

Throttle control lever

There are four gear settings; Reverse, Neutral Transplanting and Transport gear settings

Gear shift lever

It has three settings; On, Off and Lamp (lights on).

Engine switch

Used to engage and disengage the planting mechanism of the transplanter.

Transplanting clutch lever

has three settings; (1) 70 hills per 3.3 m2, (2) 80 hills per 3.3 m2, and (3) 90 hills per 3.3 m2.

Hill space adjustment lever

used to start engine.

Recoil start knob

used for right and left turning on headlands.

Steering clutch levers

Used to adjust the depth of planting. It has four settings and 12 combinations.

Planting depth adjuster

Lec 9 Flashcards

(76 cards)