LEC: Infection Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
infection and immunity involves interaction between the ____________ and _____________
A
between the body of the host and the infecting microorganism
2
Q
microorgnisms can be classified according to their relationship with the _________ and ___________
A
environment and their host
``
3
Q
these are free living microbes that live and thrive on dead or decaying organic matter
A
saprophytes
4
Q
the term “saprophytes” come from what greek words
A
“sapros” = decayed, “phyton” = plant
5
Q
these organisms typically have little importance to human diseases
A
saprophytes
6
Q
organisms that have little relevance in infectious diseases
A
saprophytes
7
Q
organisms that are commonly found in soil and water
A
saprophytes
8
Q
right now, these organisms are being studied among immunocompromised patients, which makes them an opportunistic pathogens
A
saprophytes
9
Q
microorganisms that are also called as “normal or usual flora’”
A
commensal
10
Q
the live and thrive within the host but they do not cause harm nor benefit from their host
A
commensal
11
Q
these microorganisms are mostly found inside the body
A
commensal
12
Q
these microrganisms live in complete harmony with their host
A
commensal
13
Q
Pathogen is derived from what greek words
A
“pathos” = disease
“gen” = produce
14
Q
there is a wide variety of clinically important pathogens; some of which are what
A
bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
15
Q
it is the ability of the pathogen to cause disease
A
pathogenicity
16
Q
the degree or level of their pathogenicity
A
virulence
17
Q
it describes how easy a microorganism can cause disease and how fatal the infection would be
A
virulence
18
Q
the 2 main types of pathogens
A
- primary (frank) pathogen
- opportunistic pathogens
19
Q
these are type of microorganisms that can cause disease to an individual regardless of their immune condition
A
primary (frank) pathogens
20
Q
these causes disease to previously health individuals
A
primary (frank) pathogens
21
Q
these microorganisms are known to cause infectious diseases even if the immune system is intact
A
primary (frank) pathogens
22
Q
they rarely cause disease to healthy individuals
A
opportunistic pathogens
23
Q
they are known to only cause disease to individuals with impaired or compromised immune system
A
opportunistic pathogens
24
Q
is defined as the bodily invasion of microorganisms which involve replication of the agent within the host.
A
infection
25
is defined as the bodily invasion of microorganisms which involve replication of the agent within the host.
infection
26
In most cases though, __________________ agents result in the damage to the host tissues and organs.
multiplication of the microbial
27
Initial infection of an organisms in the host Initial infection of an organisms in the host
primary infection
28
some ________ can be an opportunists, Such happens when the immune defense system of the host is compromised and the normal flora takes over and gets out of control.
normal flora
29
Subsequent infections by the same organism in the host
Reinfections
30
When the host has recovered from the primary infection and got infected again by the same agent, it is called _________________.
reinfection
31
When a new agent sets up an infection in a host whose resistance is lowered by a preexisting infectious disease,
Secondary infection
32
Apart from the cell and tissue damage caused by a primary infection, it may also exhaust and weaken the host’s immune system. This gives other agents or microorganisms a chance to establish their own infection. This is classified as what type of infection?
Secondary infection
33
an infection that is confined in one area or part of the body
local infection
34
give an example of local infection
infected wound
35
This is in direct contrast with systematic or generalized infection
local infection
36
an infection where the microbes have spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph
Systematic infection
37
Cross-infections occurring in hospitals are called
Nosocomial infections
38
type of infection that is acquired at a healthcare facility and are best controlled through hand washing to avoid spread.
nosocomial infection
39
Contributing factors to nosocomial infections include
- wide variety of microbes present in hospital environments
- the constant presence of immunocompromised patients
- possible direct transmission from healthcare workers to patients and from patients to other patients.
40
refers to physician induced infections resulting from investigative, therapeutic or other procedures.
iatrogenic infection
41
this infection is a result of medical treatment or procedures.
iatrogenic infection
42
Urinary tract infection due to cathetherization and wound infection following blood collection are prime examples of what type of infection
iatrogenic infection
43
a type of infection where clinical effects are not apparent
inapparent infection
44
it is often used as a synonym to inapparent infection.
subclinical infection
45
this type of infection refer to the proliferation of organisms in a host in which there are no apparent signs or symptoms.
Inapparent or subclinical infections
46
this type of infection is one in which the typical or characteristic clinical manifestations of the particular infectious disease are not present
atypical infection
47
Some organisms, following infection, may remain in the tissues in a hidden form proliferating and producing clinical disease when the host resistance is lowered. This is termed _____________.
latent infection
48
There are cases where an organism is present inside the body of the host but is dormant and inactive where it presents no noticeable disease or illness. what infection
latent infection
49
Human source infections are transmitted through:
o Airborne transmission
o Direct contact
o Through infected materials (Fomites)
50
Most common source of infection for human beings is ___________________
human beings themselves.
51
it is person who harbors the microorganisms without suffering from any ill effect` because of it.
carrier
52
An individual who has recovered from the infectious disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen.
Convalescent carrier
53
is an individual who harbors the pathogen but is not ill.
A healthy carrier
54
is an individual who is incubating the pathogen in large numbers but is not yet ill.
incubatory carrier
55
Individual that does not have signs or symptoms because the disease is still in its incubation phase but are still capable of spreading the infection.
incubatory carrier
56
Convalescent, healthy, and incubatory carriers may harbor the pathogen for only a brief period (hours, days, or weeks) and lasts less than six months.
Temporary carriers
57
They harbor the pathogen for long periods (months, years, or life).
chronic carriers
58
The term ______________ is applied to a person who acquires the pathogen from a patient
contact carrier
59
This refers to a carrier who acquires the pathogens from another carrier.
Paradoxical carrier
60
Many pathogens are capable of causing infections in both human beings and animals. Therefore, animals may act as a source of infection of such organisms. These, animals serve to maintain the parasite in nature and act as reservoir and they are, therefore, called
reservoir hosts
61
The diseases and infections, which are transmissible to man from animals are called
zoonosis
62
defined as a disease of animals that is transmitted to humans.
Zoonosis or zoonotic infection
63
Anthrax, brucellosis, Q fever, leptospirosis, bovine tuberculosis, bubonic plague, Salmonella food poisoning.
bacterial (Zoonotic Diseases)
64
Rabies, yellow fever, cowpox, monkeypox.
viral (Zoonotic Diseases)
65
Leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, babesiosis.
protozoal (Zoonotic Diseases)
66
Echinococcosis, taeniasis, trichinellosis.
helminthic (zoonotic diseases)
67
Microsporum canis, Trichophyton verru- cosum
fungal (zoonotic diseases)
68
zoonotic infection that is transmitted through bites of rabid animals to hosts
Rabies
69
disease caused by a spirochete bacteria, often acquired by the exposure of broken skin with the urine of an infected animal.
leptospirosis
70
As the insects that transmit this infections are called vectors, they are referred to as _____________ or _____________ diseases.
vector-borne or arthropod-borne diseases
71
Blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, mites, flies, and lice may transmit pathogens to human beings and diseases so caused are called _______________
arthropod-borne diseases.
72
Besides acting as vectors, some insects may also act as _____________ (for example, ticks in relapsing fever and spotted fever).
reservoir hosts
73
Insects that transmit infections are called ________
vectors
74
this type of transmission can be of two types either mechanical (external) or biological (internal).
vector-borne
75
a type of vector in which the disease agent is transmitted mechanically by the arthropod.
mechanical vector
76
Those that carry microorganisms through their feet and mouth parts and proceed to infect hosts when they land on food, mucous membranes, or open wounds. what type of vector?
mechanical vector
77
Prime examples are flies that carry bacteria when they land on infected materials such as feces and proceed to drop this bacteria when they land on human food. what type of vector?
mechanical vector
78
those in whom the pathogens multiply sufficiently or has undergone a developmental cycle. what type of vector?
biological vector
79
Aedes aegypti mosquito in yellow fever, Anopheles mosquito in malaria are what type of vector?
biological vector
80
Those that are used by microbes as part of their life cycle. what type of vector?
biological vector
81
Microorganisms within __________ vectors undergo change and development until such a time that the vector itself because the source of infection.
biological vector
82
Prime example is the parasitic infection malaria, caused by plasmodium parasites that develop inside anopheles mosquitoes. what type of vector?
biological vector
83
Spores of *** and *** remain viable in the soil for several decades and serve as source of infection.
tetanus and gas gangrene
84
Spores of *** can survive in the soil for long periods and when given access to the body such as through wounds may cause tetanus.
clostridium tetani
85
Fungi (causing ***, ***, and ***) and parasites such as roundworms and hookworms also survive in the soil and cause human infection.
causing mycetoma, sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis
86
*** are also known to be obtained through the soil such as when children proceed to eat without washing their hands after playing with dirt.
Parasitic infections
87
TRUE OR FALSE: Pathogens in contaminated water can also cause outbreaks of diseases.
true
88
*** may act as the source of infection either due to contamination with pathogenic microorganisms (Shigella, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, poliomyelitis virus, hepatitis virus) or due the presence of aquatic vector (cyclops containing larvae of guinea worm infection)..
Water
89
causative agent of typhoid fever
Salmonella
90
causative agent of Cholera
Vibrio cholerae bacteria
91
bacteria that causes traveller’s diarrhea
E. coli
92
what enteric pathogens that are known to be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water?
- Salmonella (causative agent of typhoid fever)
- Vibrio cholera (causative agent of Cholera)
- pathogenic strains of E.coli (causes traveller’s diarrhea)
93
What enteric pathogens are known to be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water.
- Salmonella (causative agent of typhoid fever)
- Vibrio cholera (causative agent of Cholera)
- pathogenic strains of E.coli (causes traveller’s diarrhea)
94
**** may act as source of infection of organisms causing food poisoning, gastroenteritis, diarrhea and dysentery.
Contaminated food
95
Most of the time, such infections affect the gastrointestinal tract leading to *** and ***
gastroenteritis and diarrhea
96
Common way of transmitting infection.
contact
97
Infection may be acquired by contact, which may be *** or ***
direct or indirect.
98
STD (sexually transmitted diseases), such as syphilis, gonorrhea, lymphogranuloma venereum, lymphogranuloma inguinale, trichomoniasis, herpes simplex type 2,hepatitis B and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are transmitted via
direct contact
99
Diseases transmitted by direct contact include
1. STD (sexually transmitted diseases)
- syphilis
- gonorrhea
- lymphogranuloma venereum
- lymphogranuloma inguinale
- trichomoniasis
- herpes simplex type 2
2. hepatitis B
3. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
100
This may include venereal disease or sexuallytransmitted infections such as gonorrhoea, syphilis,hiv, aids. (MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION)
direct contact
101
mode of transmission such as when a person coughs and covered his mouth with his hands and proceed to touch another person.
hand-to-hand transmission
102
*** may be through the agency of fomites, which are inanimate objects, such as clothing, pencils or toys which may be contaminated by a pathogen from one person and act as a vehicle for its transmission to another.
Indirect contact
103
Is a transmission that involves the source of infection an inanimate object called fomites, and a susceptible host.
indirect contact
104
Microorganisms from the reservoir can be passed on through the *** and infect a new host.
fomites
105
Doorknobs, clothing, and everyday objects can be classified as ***.
fomites
106
mode of transmission that is through inhalation of respiratory droplets is a mechanisms in which respiratory infections are passed.
airborne transmission
107
Respiratory infections, such as common cold, flu, influenza, measles, mumps, tuberculosis and whooping cough are acquired by inhalation. what mode of transmission
airborne transmission
108
these are fine particles that are produced when respiratory secretions are aerosolized through sneezing and coughing.
droplet nuclei
109
generally acquired by the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by pathogens. what type of infection
intestinal infection
110
Infection transmitted by ingestion may be water borne (cholera), food borne (food poisoning o hand borne (dysentery).
intestinal infection
111
Ingestion of contaminated food or water may result in (type of infection), therefore careful preparation is necessary to avoid outbreaks of diarrhea and possible food poisoning
gastrointestinal infections
112
Intestinal infections are generally acquired by the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by pathogens. this belongs to what mode of transmission?
Ingestion
113
Disease agent may be inoculated directly in to the skin or mucosa, e.g. Rabies virus deposited subcutaneously by dog bite, tetanus spores implanted in deep wounds, and arboviruses injected by insect vectors. This belongs to what mode of transmission?
Inoculation
114
e.g. Rabies virus deposited subcutaneously by dog bite, tetanus spores implanted in deep wounds, and arboviruses injected by insect vectors. What mode of transmission is mentioned
inoculation
115
Infection by inoculation may be *** when unsterile syringes and surgical equipment are employed.
iatrogenic
116
A deep piercing wound is a possible way of contracting tetanus such as when a person steps on a sharp object contaminated with clostridium tetany. Reusing intravenous needles between different individuals also pose a risk. What mode of transmission?
Inoculation
117
defined as an arthropod or any living carrier (e.g. snail) that transports an infectious agent to a susceptible individual.
vector
118
Some pathogens are able to cross the placental barrier and reach the fetus in uterus. What mode of transmission?
Vertical Transmission
119
Mother to child transmission is also possible inside the womb as some pathogen are able to pass through the placenta and reach the developing fetus. What mode of transmission?
vertical transmission
120
This may have serious complications that may lead to birth defects and death of the child as in the case of rubella. What mode of transmission?
vertical transmission
121
If meticulous care in asepsis is not taken, infections like *** and *** may sometimes be transmitted during administration of injections, lumber puncture and catheterization.
AIDS and hepatitis B
122
These are known as iatrogenic or *** infections.
physician-induced infections.
123
Modern methods of treatment, such as exchange transfusion, dialysis, and heart and transplant surgery have increased the possibilities for ***
iatrogenic infections.
124
Medical procedure such as blood collection, catheterization, insertion of needles for IV contractions can also transmit or induce infection to an already deceased or immunocompromised patient. What type of infection?
iatrogenic or physician-induced infection
125
it is the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual
pathogenicity
126
Relates to the capability of an organism to cause disease to a susceptible host.
pathogenicity
127
the relative ability of microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity.
virulence
128
The degree or level of pathogenicity of an organism
virulence
129
It is usually measured based on its infective dose or the number of microorganisms needed to establish infection, the lower the infective dose the more virulent the agent is.
virulence
130
The severity of the disease produced is also considered, the more severe and fatal the resulting infection the more virulent the microorganism.
virulence
131
reduction of virulence
attenuation
132
A process that reduces the infectivity of microorganisms can enter the body of the host
attenuation
133
The first step of the infectious process is the entry of microorganism into the host by one of several ports: the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, or through skin that has been cut, punctured, or burned. What determinant of virulence
transmissibility
134
Refers to how easy a microorganism can enter. the easier the agent is transmitted, the more virulent it can be. What determinant of virulence
transmissibility
135
Entry to the human body can be through inhalation of respiratory droplets through broken skin, direct contact or ingestion. what determinant of virulence>
transmissibility
136
The initial event in the pathogenesis is the attachment of the bacteria to body surfaces. what determinant of virulence
adhesion
137
This attachment is not a chance event but a specific reaction between surface receptors on host cells and adhesive structures (ligands) on the surface of bacteria. what determinant of virulence
adhesion
138
This attachment is not a chance event but a specific reaction between *** on host cells and adhesive structures (*** ) on the surface of bacteria.
surface receptors;
ligands
139
*** may occur as organized structures, such as fimbriae or fibrillae and pilli, or as colonization factors.
adhesions
140
are usually made of protein and are antigenic in nature.
adhesins
141
*** with adhesins has been attempted as a method of prophylaxis in some infections.
specific immunization
142
A microorganism must attach itself to cells and tissues of the host in order to establish infection. This happens when adhesins; the structure that mediate attachment binds to the receptors on the host cells. What determinant of virulence is mentioned?
adhesion
143
Adhesins in bacteria include the *** and *** . Attachment by bacteria to the host cells increases its colonizing ability and may offer protection against phagocytosis
common pili and fimbriae
144
As adhesins are protein and antigenic in nature, development of immunity from such may be an effective way of *** ***
avoiding infection
145
this signifies the ability of a pathogen to spread in the host tissues after establishing infection.
invasiveness
146
*** *** pathogens characteristically produce spreading or generalized lesions (e.g. Streptococcal septicemia following wound infection)
Highly invasive
147
in infection caused by highly invasive pathogen
Streptococcal septicemia following wound infection
148
*** *** pathogens cause more localized lesions (e.g. staphylococcal abscess).
Less invasive pathogens
149
A process which pathogens penetrate and colonize the tissues. This is an important factor as it determines if an organism is capable of dissemination to distant sites in the body
invasiveness
150
*** organisms can cause generalized infection, while *** organisms stay localized in the initial site or tissue
highly invasive; less invasive
151
Some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins, of which there are two general types. what determinant of virulence?
toxigenicity
152
*** are substances that are released by microorganisms that disrupt the normal metabolism of cells resulting to cell and tissue damage
Toxins
153
are soluble, heat-labile proteins inactivated at 60°–80°C and diffuse readily into the surrounding medium.
exotoxins
154
a type of toxin that are highly potent in minute amounts and include some of the most poisonous substances known.
exotoxins
155
Treatment with *** converts exotoxin into toxoids, are thus useful in preparing vaccines.
formaldehyde
156
Treatment with formaldehyde converts exotoxin into ***, are thus useful in preparing vaccines.
toxoids
157
toxins that exhibit specific tissue affinity and pharmacological activities.
exotoxins
158
toxins that are associated with specific diseases and have specific mechanisms of action.
exotoxins
159
exotoxins are easily inactivated by ***, ***, and other chemicals to form immunogenic toxoids.
formaldehyde, iodine,
160
*** are generally formed by gram- positive bacteria but may also be produced by some gramnegative organisms such as Shiga’s dysentery bacillus, cholera vibrio and enterotoxigenic E. coli.
exotoxins
161
toxins that can be produced by either gram-positive or gramnegative bacteria which are released into the extracellular environment
exotoxins
162
a type of toxin that has specific biologic activity against the host cells. some causes paralysis, diarrhea, or tissue damage.
exotoxins
163
Such toxins are protein in composition and are heat sensitive which can be inactivated by increased temperature and can be detoxified with the use of formaldehyde
exotoxins
164
These toxins are heat-stable, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the outer membranes of gram negative.
endotoxins
165
Their toxicity depends upon the component (lipid A).
endotoxins
166
toxins that are released into the host’s circulation following bacterial cell lysis.
endotoxins
167
They are toxic only at high doses.
endotoxins
168
They cannot be toxoided.
endotoxins
169
toxins that are poor antigens and weakly immunogenic.
endotoxins
170
They do not exhibit specific pharmacological activities.
endotoxins
171
Intravenous injections of large doses of endotoxin and massive gram-negative septicemias causes ***
endotoxic shock
172
*** is marked by fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, significant fall in blood pressure, circulatory collapse and bloody diarrhea leading to death
endotoxic shock
173
toxins that are substances found in the outer membrane and are exclusive only to gram-negative bacteria.
endotoxins
174
The toxic activity of endotoxins come from the *** a component of the cell wall.
lipid
175
Endotoxins are released only after *** ***
cell lysis
176
The toxicity of endotoxins consist of changes in bodily function such as *** *** ***
low blood pressure.
177
Endotoxins also causes intravascular coagulation of blood that may result in ***.
bleeding
178
Fever and decreased circulating white blood cells are also observed as effects of what toxins
endotoxins
179
exotoxins: proteins,
endotoxins: ***
lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane, Lipid A portion is toxic
180
exotoxins: ***
endotoxins: heat-stable
heat-labile, inactivated at 60-80 degree Celsius
181
The human body contains circulating neutrophils and macrophages that ingest foreign materials in a process called *** .
phagocytosis
182
However microbes evolved to produce structures that *** phagocytosis.
inhibit
183
name some bacteria that can produce a slippery mucoid capsule that prevents the phagocyte from effectively contacting the bacterium.
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Haemophilus influenzae
184
these are polysaccharide coating that mask the surface structure of bacteria that is also necessary for recognition for phagocytes
capsules
185
these prevents binding of the host antibodies to the bacterial cell
capsules
186
other bacteria evade phagocytosis by producing specialized surface proteins such as *** on Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcal M protein
