LEC Unit 1.1 to 1.2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the factors influencing health and well-being?
A
40% Social and Economic
30% Health Behaviors
10% Clinical care
10% Physical Environment
10% Genes & biology
2
Q
Measures directed to group of people (not
individuals) to promote, protect and preserve
health
A
Public Health
3
Q
Science of protecting the safety and improving
the health of communities through education,
policy making and research
A
Public Health
4
Q
science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
A
Public Health (Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, 1920 )
5
Q
In the medical field, clinicians treat diseases and injuries of one patient at a time. But in public health, we __________________
A
prevent disease and injury
6
Q
work to find a vaccine for malaria
A
microbiologist
7
Q
research ways to discourage populations from smoking
A
behavioral scientists
8
Q
discover which foods prevent cancer
A
environmental health scientists
9
Q
evaluate health insurance programs and make recommendations
A
health policy analysts
10
Q
identify trends in health and illness, looking for links, causes and interventions in areas such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and infant mortality
A
epidemiologists
11
Q
T/F:
Public health is population based
A
T
12
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Population focus
A
Public health
13
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Individual patient focus
A
Health Care
14
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Public health ethic
A
Public health
15
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Personal service ethic
A
Health care
16
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Prevention or public health emphasis
A
Public health
17
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Diagnosis & treatment emphasis
A
Health care
18
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Joint laboratory and field involvement
A
Public health
19
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Joint laboratory and patient involvement
A
Health care
20
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Clinical sciences peripheral to professional training
A
Public health
21
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Clinical sciences essential to professional training
A
Health care
22
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Public sector basis
A
Public health
23
Q
Identify if statement below relates to Public Health Model or Medical (Health Care) Model:
Private sector basis
A
Health care
24
Q
Give the 6 areas of Public Health
A
EBBS EP (hooray !)
- Epidemiology
- Biostatistics
- Biomedical Sciences
- Social & Behavioral Science
- Environmental Science
- Public Policy
25
What is the 5 step process to public health
DIDIM
1. Define health problem
2. Identify risk factors
3. Develop & test community-level intervention
4. Implement intervention
5. Monitor intervention
26
main task is to develop intervention designed to prevent specific problems that have been identified either through an assessment process initiated by a public health agency or through community
prevention
27
3 levels of approaches
prevents illness or injury from occurring at all
Primary prevention
28
3 levels of approaches
seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury-causing event once the event has occurred
Secondary prevention
29
3 levels of approaches
seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation
Tertiary prevention
30
act performed for, with or on behalf of a person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain, promote or modify health, functioning or health conditions
health intervention
31
The ___________ (ICHI) is being developed to provide a common tool for reporting and analyzing health interventions for statistical purposes
International Classification of Health Interventions
32
T/F:
Primary prevention may be out of the domain of PH, but primary and secondary prevention are very much a part of public health’s mission
F
...but secondary and tertiary prevention
33
Public health consists of ?
Social Medicine
Preventive Medicine
Community Medicine
Community Health
34
When was the The Great Sanitary Awakening?
Nineteenth Century
35
Under his authority, a commission conducted studies of the life and health of the London working class in 1838 and that of the entire country in 1842
Edwin Chadwick
36
a document of the appalling conditions in which masses of the working people were compelled to live, and die, in the industrial towns and rural areas of UK
General Report on the Sanitary Conditions
37
Chadwick documented that the average age at death for the gentry was __ years; for the tradesmen, __ years; and for the laborers, only __ years
G - 36
T - 22
L - 16
38
Phase of Public Health: 1880-1920
Disease Control Phase
39
Phase of Public Health: 1920 - 1960
Health Promotion Phase
40
Phase of Public Health: 1960 - 1980
Social Engineering Phase
41
Phase of Public Health: 1980 onwards
Health for all phase
42
Phase of Public Health
Aimed at the control of man’s physical environment (water supply sewage disposal) & not about the control of any specific disease
Disease Control Phase (1880-1920)
43
Phase of Public Health
Sanitary legislation and sanitary reforms
Disease Control Phase (1880-1920)
44
Phase of Public Health
Improvement in the health of people due to disease and death and control
Disease Control Phase (1880-1920)
45
Phase of Public Health
In addition to disease control activities one more
goals was added to public health (i.e. health promotion of the individuals)
Health Promotion Phase (1920-1960)
46
Phase of Public Health
- Introduction of mother & child health services
- Industrial health services
- Mental health services
- Rehabilitation services
Health Promotion Phase (1920-1960)
47
What were the two great movements initiated for human development during the Health Promotional Phase?
1. Provision of basic health services
2. Community development program
48
Phase of Public Health
Public health moved towards preventive and rehabilitative aspects of chronic disease and behavioral problems
Social engineering phase (1960-1980)
49
Phase of Public Health
Change in pattern of disease
Social engineering phase (1960-1980)
50
Phase of Public Health
Health gap between rich and poor, within & between
countries
Health for all phase (1981-2000)
51
The organized application of local, state, national and international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000
Modern public health
52
Continuous, systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health- related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice
Surveillance
53
Fatal intestinal disease that was rampant during the early 1800s in London
Cholera
54
T/F:
Cholera was commonly thought to be caused by bad air from rotting organic matter
T
55
English Anesthesiologist and Father of modern epidemiology
John Snow
56
History of Public Health
Greek and Roman civilisations sanitation measures and practices
500 BCE
57
History of Public Health
Black Death claimed one-third of Europe’s
population
1346-1352
58
It was used as a weapon of war during the siege of Kaffa
Bubonic plague
59
History of Public Health
Inoculation brought to Britain by Lady
Mary Wortley Montagu
Early 1700s
60
History of Public Health
Vaccination by Edward Jenner
1798
61
a Gloucestershire doctor who advocated the inoculation of cowpox pustules
Edward Jenner
62
History of Public Health
Edwin Chadwick was convinced that the main cause of illness was the dirty conditions that the poorest members of the society were living in
1830s
63
History of Public Health
The Public Health Act of 1848 stemmed from Chadwick’s research on the health concerns in London
1848
64
History of Public Health
John Snow innovated several key epidemiologic
methods that remain valid and in use today
1854
65
History of Public Health
William Farr pioneered the quantitative study of morbidity (disease incidence) and mortality (death), helping establish the field of medical statistics
1807-1883
66
History of Public Health
Louis Pasteur’s experiments led to the discovery of artificial immunity: rabies, anthrax, cholera
1870s
67
considered as a major figure in the history of epidemiology. He used data such as census reports to study occupational mortality in England
William Farr
68
Over the next four decades, he compiled statistics on death and disease across the regions
William Farr
69
German physician who had verified that the human disease was caused by a specific living disease
Robert Kotch (1843 – 1910)
70
First to isolate Bacillus anthracis and Vibrio cholerae
Robert Kotch (1843 – 1910)
71
What was the most notable contribution of Robert Kotch?
discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882)
72
Koch's 4 Postulates
1. Organism must be observed in every case of disease
2. Isolated and grown in pure culture
3. Pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease
4. Organism must be observed and recovered
73
Notable Events in Public Health
Pandemic Influenza or Spanish Influenza was known to cause 50 to 100 million fatalities worldwide
1918
74
Notable Events in Public Health
Alexander Fleming discovered the antimicrobial properties of the mold Penicillium notatum
1928
75
First antibiotic
penicillin
76
Notable Events in Public Health
First polio vaccine was developed
1950s
77
First polio vaccine known as ____ or ____ , was developed by ___
inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) or Salk Vaccine
by Jonas Salk
78
Notable Events in Public Health
The second type of polio vaccine was developed
1960s
79
The second type of polio vaccine was developed by ___. It was known as _____ or ______
by Albert Sabin
oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) or Sabin Vaccine
80
Notable Events in Public Health
Highly Effective Surveillance and Vaccination programmes against smallpox
1960s
81
Notable Events in Public Health
The last known naturally acquired case of smallpox was reported in Somalia
1977
82
Notable Events in Public Health
CDC hired the first Epidemiologist
1949
83
Who was the first Epidemiologist hired by CDC?
Alexander Langmuir
84
Notable Events in Public Health
U.S. Surgeon General released Smoking and Health which stated the linkages of smoking to disabling and fatal diseases
1964
85
The _______ on Environment and Development defines rights of the people to be involved in the development of their economies, and the responsibilities of human beings to safeguard the common environment
1992 Rio Declaration
86
What are the determinants of health?
1. Social and economic environment
2. Physical environment
3. Person's individual characteristics and behaviors
87
Circumstances and environmental factors that affect health, whether healthy or not
Determinants of Health
88
Determinants of Health
safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health
Physical environment
89
Determinants of Health
The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health
Income and social status
90
Determinants of Health
people in employment are healthier
Employment and working conditions
91
Determinants of Health
low education levels are linked with poor health
Education
92
Determinants of Health
access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health
Health services
93
Determinants of Health
greater support from families, friends and communities is linked to better health.
Social support behaviors
94
Determinants of Health
balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with life’s stresses and challenges all affect health
Personal behavior and coping skills
95
Determinants of Health
Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages
Gender
96
Determinants of Health
inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses
Genetics
97
What are the 3 core functions of public health?
APA
1. Assessment
2. Policy Development
3. Assurance
98
3 core functions of public health
A systematic collection, analysis, and distribution of data/information on healthy communities
Assessment
99
3 core functions of public health
Promotes use of evidence-based scientific information in creating policies and decision making
Policy Development
100
3 core functions of public health
Ensure provision of services to those in need
Assurance
101
Give the 10 Essential Public Health Services
1. Monitor Health
2. Diagnose & Investigate
3. Inform, Educate, Empower
4. Mobilize Community Partnership
5. Develop Policies
6. Enforce Laws
7. Link to/Provide Care
8. Assure a Competent Workforce
9. Evaluate
10. Research
102
all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public health services within a jurisdiction
Public Health System
103
combination of resources, organization, financing and management that culminate in the delivery of health services to the population
health system (roemer 1991)
104
all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, and maintain health
health system (WHO 2000)
105
What are the 4 main health system functions?
1. Health service provision
2. Health service input
3. Stewardship
4. Health financing
106
Health system functions
Public and private health services
Health service provision
107
Health system functions
Health products and supply chain
Health service inputs
108
Health system functions
process of setting the strategic goals of a health system
Stewardship
109
Health system functions
Sets the context and policy framework for the overall health system
Stewardship
110
Health system functions
HS function in generating appropriate data for policymaking
Stewardship
111
Health system functions
Generating, pooling, and purchasing/allocating resources towards healthcare
Health Financing
112
entails collection of money to pay for health care services
Revenue collection
113
T/F:
Some of the mechanisms for Risk Pooling include general taxation, donor financing, mandatory payroll contributions, etc.
F; Revenue Collection
114
refers to the collection and management of financial resources in a way that spreads financial risks from an individual to all pool members
Risk pooling
115
2 Main Models for Risk Pooling
Bismarck model
Beveridge model
116
Utilizes an insurance system funded mainly from
salaried employees collected through payroll deduction -- wage-dependent premiums
Bismarck Model
117
T/F:
The Beveridge model is based on the principle of plurality, liberty and solidarity
F; Bismarck model
118
Funding is based on taxation
Beveridge model
119
A dominant model focusing on universal, free coverage materialized only in few equitably wealth and well-managed health sectors
Beveridge model
120
Advantages: Care is provided by non-profit hospitals
and individual practitioners
Bismarck model
121
Advantages: Subsidizes the poor and vulnerable
Bismarck model
122
Disadvantages: Difficulty on cost control; Over-utilization of health car; and delivery systems
Bismarck model
123
Advantages: Utilizes universal coverage
Beveridge model
124
Advantages: administers general taxation – large scope to raise resources
Beveridge model
125
Disadvantages: High risk of under-funding or unstable
funding
Beveridge model
126
Disadvantages: requires decisive political actions; and overspending
Beveridge model
127
Strategic collection and pooling of financial resources to finance or buy health care services for their members
Purchasing and allocation of resources
128
WHO Health Systems Framework
Good health services are those which deliver effective, safe, quality personal and non-personal health interventions to those who need them
Service delivery
129
WHO Health Systems Framework
A well-performing health workforce is one which works in ways that are responsive, fair and efficient to achieve the best health outcomes possible, given available resources and circumstances
Heatlh workforce
130
WHO Health Systems Framework
A well-functioning health information system is one that ensures the production, analysis, dissemination and use of reliable and timely information on health determinants, health systems performance and health status
Information
131
WHO Health Systems Framework
equitable access to essential medical products, vaccines and technologies of assured quality, safety, efficacy and cost-effectiveness, and their scientifically sound and cost-effective use
Medical products and technologies
132
WHO Health Systems Framework
raises adequate funds for health, in ways that ensure people can use needed services, and are protected from financial catastrophe or impoverishment associated with having to pay for them
Health Financing
133
WHO Health Systems Framework
ensuring strategic policy frameworks exist and are combined with effective oversight, coalition- building, the provision of appropriate regulations and incentives, attention to system-design, and accountability
Leadership / Governance
