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Question 1

Antimicrobial Spectrum types and examples

Answer 1

Narrow spectrum e.g. isoniazid against mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Broad spectrum e.g. tetracycline, flouroquinolones, carbapenems.
Extended spectrum e.g.Ampicillin against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria

Question 2

What is preferred among the drug spectrums

Answer 2

Usually narrow spectrum is preferred though it target a specific pathogen.
Some times the board spectrum drugs is preferred if the pathogen is not yet identified.

Question 3

Bactericidal

Answer 3

Able to kill bacteria

Question 4

What does the bactericidal do? Give an example

Answer 4

Block activities that are essential for bacterial survival E.g., Penicillins

Question 5

Bacteriostatic

Answer 5

Able to slow the growth of bacteria but does not kill them

Question 6

What does bacteriostatic drug do? Give an example

Answer 6

Inhibit a metabolic reaction needed for bacterial growth but is not necessary for survival. E.g., Tetracyclines

Question 7

Concentration-dependent drug example

Answer 7

Aminoglycosides

Question 8

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

Answer 8

is the lowest antimicrobial concentration that prevents visible growth of an organism after 24 hours of incubation.

Question 9

Time-dependent effect drug associated with ………………..example ………………..

Answer 9

1drugs inhibiting cell wall
2β-lactams

Question 10

Post antibiotic effect (PAE)

Answer 10

The PAE is a persistent suppression of microbial growth that occurs after levels of antibiotic have fallen below the MIC

Question 11

Antimicrobial drugs exhibiting a long PAE example

Answer 11

aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones

Question 12

Drugs that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis:

Answer 12

β-Lactam Antibiotics

Glycopeptide Antibiotics

Question 13

β-Lactam Antibiotics(Camp)

Answer 13

[1]Penicillins, [2]Cephalosporins,
[3]Monobactams, [4]Carbapenems

Question 14

Glycopeptide Antibiotics:

Answer 14

[1] Vancomycin, [2] Bacitracin

Question 15

Drugs that Inhibit Bacterial Protein synthesis:(MCAT)

Answer 15

[1] Macrolides, [2] Clindamycin, [3] Tetracyclines, [4] Aminoglycosides

Question 16

Drugs that Inhibit Bacterial Nucleic Acid Synthesis:

Answer 16

[1] Quinolones, [2] Rifampicin

Question 17

The difference between Beta Lactam antibiotics and non beta Lactam antibiotics

Answer 17

Beta Lactam antibiotics contains beta Lactam ring others not
Beta Lactam antibiotics are very powerful but the other is less powerful

Question 18

Penicillins Mechanism of action

Answer 18

Bactericidal
They inhibit cell wall synthesis by preventing the formation of peptidoglycan in actively multiplying bacteria → inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 19

Penicillin-binding proteins

Answer 19

enzymes involved in peptidoglycan biosynthesis

Question 20

Peptidoglycans

Answer 20

are polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the cell wall

Question 21

Penicillin is given

Answer 21

orally , IV, or IM

Question 22

Penicillin have poor entry to………..

Answer 22

Ce rebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 23

Penicillin Dose reduction is necessary in……………..

Answer 23

severe renal failure

Question 24

Penicillin Adverse drug reactions (DIC)

Answer 24

1.Immediate hypersensitivity(0.05%) urticaria-to-life threatening anaphylactic response.
2.delayed hypersensitivity (0.5%) manly as rashes.
3.Diarrhoea
4.CNS irritation & seizures(by high doses or renal failure)

Question 25

Penicillin Drug–drug interactions (TAP)

Answer 25

1.Aminoglycosides produce synergism with penicillins (not combine in same syringe) 2.Tetracyclines reduce bactericidal effects of penicillins 3.Probenicid decrease excretion and prolong duration of penicillins

Question 26

Cephalosporins Mechanism of action

Answer 26

Bactericidal their mechanism of action is like penicillins

Question 27

Ce phalosporins The Concept of Generations

Answer 27

As the generation increases the resentence increases.

Question 28

Cephalosporins route of administration

Answer 28

IV or IM

Question 29

Cephalosporins drug that is used in meningitis and why

Answer 29

Cefotaxime is used cuz of adequate CSF penetration to treat meningitis)

Question 30

Cephalosporin route of excretion

Answer 30

Primary rout is kidney

Question 31

Cephalosporins Adverse drug reactions

Answer 31

1Hypersensitivity reaction; rash, fever, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis 2Cephalosporins should be avoided or used with caution in individuals with penicillin allergy. A small proportion (0.5 - 6.5%) of patients with an IgE medicated penicillin allergy will also be allergic to cephalosporins 3Increase risk of bleeding ( thrombocytopenia ) 4Diarrhoea and dizziness

Question 32

Cephalosporins Drug – drug interactions 🐄

Answer 32

With Aminoglycosides: increased risk of nephrotoxicity With Warfarin: increased risk of bleeding

Question 33

β-Lactam: Monobactams example 👨‍🚀

Answer 33

Aztreonam

Question 34

Monobactams Mechanism of action

Answer 34

Bactericidal like penicillins Against gram-negative pathogens, including H.influenzae and P. aeruginosa ,It lacks activity against gram positive organisms and anaerobes

Question 35

administration route of Monobactams

Answer 35

IV OR IM

Question 36

Monobactams can accumulate in patients with………………

Answer 36

renal failure (relatively nontoxic)

Question 37

Monobactams Adverse drug reactions

Answer 37

Phlebitis, skin rash and, sometimes, abnormal liver function tests

Question 38

Monobactams drugs are safe alternatives for treating patients who are allergic to other penicillins, cephalosporins, or carbapenems, why?

Answer 38

Cuz it Has a low immunogenic potential, and it shows little cross-reactivity with antibodies induced by other β-lactams.

Question 39

β-Lactam : Carbapenems example 📢🚗

Answer 39

Example: Imipenem, Meropenem

Question 40

Carbapenems Mechanism of action & spectrum

Answer 40

Bactericidal mechanism of action like penicillins Extremely broad spectrum: including aerobic and Anaerobic G+ve and G-ve microorganisms: used in multi-drug resistant nosocomial infections

Question 41

Carbapenems Adverse drug reactions

Answer 41

In addition to the side effects of all penicillin-like drugs, imipenem does lower seizure threshold

Question 42

Vancomycin mechanism of action

Answer 42

Glycopeptide Antibiotic, Bactericidal, inhibits synthesis of bacterial cell wall phospholipids as well as peptidoglycan polymerization (targeting the end of peptidoglycan) → inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 43

Dose of vancomycin is adjusted based on…………….

Answer 43

renal function and serum trough levels

Question 44

Vancomycin route of administration

Answer 44

IV

Question 45

Vancomycin Oral administration is limited to….

Answer 45

treatment of severe antibiotic associated Clostridioides difficile colitis

Question 46

Vancomycin Normal Half life

Answer 46

6-10 hours

Question 47

Vancomycin IV infusion time

Answer 47

60 to 90 min

Question 48

Vancomycin therapeutic uses

Answer 48

-treatment of life-threatening MRSA Infections -Used in case of prosthetic heart valves, especially in those hospitals wherethere are high rates of MRSA

Question 49

MRSA

Answer 49

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Question 50

Vancomycin adverse drug reaction (HARD)

Answer 50

§ Hypotension § Red man syndrome (histamine release by rapid infusion) § Dose-related ototoxicity & nephrotoxicity

Question 51

Vancomycin Drug – drug interactions

Answer 51

With aminoglycosides: increased nephrotoxicity& ototoxicity

Question 52

Bacteriacin mechanism of action

Answer 52

Glycopeptide Antibiotics § Bactericidal § Bacitracin interrupts the flow of peptidoglycan precursors to the site of cell-wall synthesis, weakening the cell wall and eventually leading to bacterial death→ inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Question 53

Bacteriacin active against ……………….

Answer 53

Many gram-positive organisms

Question 54

Bactericin Route of administration and why

Answer 54

Used topically, coz if used systemically it’s toxic

Question 55

Why Bacteriacin is used?

Answer 55

It’s mostly used for the prevention of skin infections after burns or minor scrapes

Question 56

Bacteriacin is used in combination with……………… and used as …………… for ………….. in…………….

Answer 56

Polymixin and neomycin Topical ointment Mixed bacterial infections Skin eye and ear

Question 57

Polymixin

Answer 57

Bactericidal,active against gram- negative bacteria