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Physiology1 > Lec2 > Flashcards

Lec2 Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle

A

attached through structures to bone or skin, under voluntary control

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2
Q

cardiac muscle

A

only found in the heart- specialised to pump blood, involuntary control

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

surround many tubes of the body, involuntary control

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4
Q

function of muscle cells

A

to generate mechanical force

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5
Q

neurons

A

cells of the central nervous system specialised to initiate and integrate and conduct electrical signals to other cells, sometimes over long distances

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6
Q

nervous tissue

A

a collection of neurons

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7
Q

a nerve

A

neurons packaged together with connective tissue

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8
Q

epithelial cells function

A

specialised for the selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules and for protection
- cuboidal (cube like)
- columnar (elongated)
- squamous (flattened)
- ciliated (specialised function)
the 2 sides of the cell (apical and basolateral membranes) may have different functions. Epithelial cells can form barriers with tight junctions

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9
Q

connective tissue cells

A

connect, anchor and support the structures of the body

  • loose connective
  • dense connective
  • bone and cartilage
  • adipose
  • blood
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10
Q

functions of the extracellular matrix

A
  • provides scaffold for cellular attachment

- transmits info to cells to regulate activity eg migration

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11
Q

proteins of the extracellular matrix consist of…

A

collagen fibers and elastin fibers

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12
Q

organs are divided into…

A

functional units

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13
Q

organ systems are divided into…

A

organs

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14
Q

organs are composed of how many tissue types?

A

at least 2 (epithelial, connective, muscle, neuron)

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15
Q

extracellular fluid

A

fluid in the blood and surrounding cells

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16
Q

interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid around anf between cells

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17
Q

interstitium

A

the space containing interstitial fluid

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18
Q

exchange between body fluid compartments

A

the intracellular fluid is controlled by the interstitial fluid, which is conditioned by the plasma, which is conditioned by the organ systems it passes through

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19
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of reasonably stable balance

a state of dynamic constancy- physiological variables are maintained within a predictable range

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20
Q

pathophysiology

A

disordered/abnormal physiological processes associated with disease or injury

alterations to homeostasis outside the normal range

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21
Q

homeostatic control systems

A

the compensatory mechanisms that mediate responses to changes in the extracellular fluid, in order to correct the change

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22
Q

steady-state

A

a system in which a particular variable is not changing but in which energy must be added continuously to maintain a stable, homeostatic condition

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23
Q

negative feedback

A

an increase or decrease in the variable brings about responses that move the variable in the opposite direction of the original change

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24
Q

positive feedback

A

accelerates a process, leading to an explosive system. Not common in nature compared to negative feedback

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25
Q

set-point

A

the physiological variable around which the normal range fluctuates

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26
Q

why would we reset a set-point

A

sometimes adaptive- may increase body temp set point when fighting infection as increased temp inhibits proliferation of some pathogens

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27
Q

what is feed-forward control and why is it adaptive?

A

changes in regulated variables are anticipated and prepared for before they actually occur which improves the speed of the body’s homeostatic responses and minimises fluctuations in the level of the variable being regulated

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28
Q

reflex

A

specific, involuntary, unpremeditated, built-in response to a particular stimulus

29
Q

reflex arc

A

pathway mediating a reflex

30
Q

stimulus

A

detectable change in the internal or external environ

31
Q

receptor

A

detects the environmental change, produces a signal that is relayed to an integrating centre

32
Q

integrating center

A

receives signals from many receptors, its output reflects the net effect of the total afferent input

33
Q

effector

A

receives output from integrating center and changes activity- constitutes the overall response of the system

34
Q

afferent pathway

A

along which the signal from the receptor travels to the integrating center

35
Q

efferent pathway

A

signal from the integrating center travels to the effector via this pathway

36
Q

intercellular messengers

A

3 types- neurotransmitters, hormones and paracrine substances. Allow cells to communicate and respond to homeostatic challenges

37
Q

hormones

A

chemical messenger, hormone-secreting cell communicates with other cells with the blood acting as the delivery system

38
Q

neurotransmitters

A

released from the ends of neurons onto other neurons, muscle cells or gland cells, diffuse through the extracellular fluid between the neuron and target cell

39
Q

paracrine substances

A

involved in local communication between cells, synthesised by cells and released into extracellular fluid where they diffuse to neighbouring cells. Generally inactivated by enzymes- do not enter the blood stream in large quantities

40
Q

autocrine substances

A

secreted into the extracellular fluid and then acts on the same cell that secreted it. INTRACELLULAR messenger

41
Q

adaptation

A

denotes a characteristic that favours survival in specific environments

42
Q

acclimatisation

A

the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system - usually reversible

43
Q

biological rhythms and how they effect homeostasis

A

add an anticipatory component to homeostatic control systems. They enable homeostatic mechanisms to be utilised immediately and automatically by activating them at times when a challenge is likely to occur but before it actually does

44
Q

the pool

A

the body’s readily available quantity of substance, often identical to the amount present in the extracellular fluid

45
Q

net gain

A

gain of substances to the body via. food, air or synthesis within the body

46
Q

net loss

A

loss of substances to the body via metabolism or excretion

47
Q

for any substance, 3 states of total body balance are possible

A

gain outweighs loss, positive balance
loss outweighs gain, negative balance
loss = gain, stable balance

48
Q

adaptation

A

denotes a characteristic that favours survival in specific environments

49
Q

acclimatisation

A

the improved functioning of an already existing homeostatic system - usually reversible

50
Q

biological rhythms and how they effect homeostasis

A

add an anticipatory component to homeostatic control systems. They enable homeostatic mechanisms to be utilised immediately and automatically by activating them at times when a challenge is likely to occur but before it actually does

51
Q

the pool

A

the body’s readily available quantity of substance, often identical to the amount present in the extracellular fluid

52
Q

properties of molecules containing polar bonds

A

tend to be most soluble in water compared to non-polar molecules, readily dissolve in the blood, interstitial and intracellular fluid

hydrophilic

53
Q

net loss

A

loss of substances to the body via metabolism or excretion

54
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

very weak electrostatic attraction between 2 polar molecules in close contact

55
Q

when are atoms most stable

A

when the outer shell is full and electrons are paired

56
Q

the ionic forms of mineral elements are referred to as what?

A

electrolytes

57
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

the shared pair of electrons resides closer to one atom of the pair

58
Q

electronegativity

A

the ability of an atom to attract electrons

59
Q

properties of molecules containing polar bonds

A

tend to be most soluble in water compared to non-polar molecules, readily dissolve in the blood, interstitial and intracellular fluid

60
Q

where are non-polar molecules often found

A

in the lipid bilayers of the membranes of cells and intracellular organelles, because non-polar molecules are hydrophobic

61
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

very weak electrostatic attraction between 2 polar molecules in close contact

62
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

molecules that have a polar or ionised region at one end and a non-polar region at the opposite end- when mixed with water they form clusters

63
Q

lipid subclasses

A

fatty acids
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids

64
Q

why are lipids important in physiology

A

some of them provide energy
some are a major component of all cellular membranes
some are important signalling molecules

65
Q

structure of phospolipids

A

similar to trigylcerides (glycerol+ 3 fatty acids) but the third hydroxyl group of glycerol is linked to a phosphate group, In addition a small polar or ionised nitrogen-containing molecule is usually attached to this phosphate

66
Q

properties of steriods

A

NOT water-soluble but can diffuse though membranes

examples

  • cholesterol
  • cortisol
  • oestrogen
  • testosterone
67
Q

essential amino acids

A

must be obtained in the diet, cannot be synthesised

68
Q

what are proteins composed of?

A

carbons, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements such as sulfur

Physiology1 (6 decks)

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