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Reproduction > Lec2 Defining the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts > Flashcards

Lec2 Defining the Male and Female Reproductive Tracts Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the function of the reproduction system in both genders?

A

Production, storage and delivery of germ cells

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2
Q

What other functions do the female reproduction organs have?

A

To sustain and support the developing foetus/ embryo

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3
Q

What do the male and female reproductive system consist of?

A

Gonads
Internal ducts
External genitalia

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4
Q

In females, what are the gonads?

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

In females, what are the internal ducts?

A

Uterine/ fallopian tubes
Cervix
Vagina
Uterus

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6
Q

In females, what are the external genitalia?

A

Vulva (labia, clitoris & vestibule)

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7
Q

What happens to the male germ cells inside the female to prevent it being attacked and destroyed?

A

The male germ cells are filtered once inside the female

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8
Q

Where are the female ovaries located?

A

They are housed in the lateral wall of the pelvis, inferior to the pelvic inlet

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9
Q

What is the appearance of the ovary?

A

They are “Greek olive” shape - large olives

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10
Q

What happens to the ovaries after menopause?

A

They atrophy after menopause

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11
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Egg production

Hormone secretion

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12
Q

What is the blood supply to the ovaries?

A

Gonadal arteries and veins

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13
Q

What is the nervous supply to the ovaries?

A

Autonomic nerve supply from the ovarian plexus surround the ovaries

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14
Q

What are the ovaries divided into and what are the contents of each?

A

Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla

Cortex:
OVARIAN FOLLICLES - germ cells to become ova
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
CORPUS LUTEUM - secretes progesterone
THECA CELLS - secrete androgens and granulosa convert to oestrogen

Ovarian medulla:
Blood/ lymph vessel and nerves

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15
Q

What are the internal ducts in the female reproduction

A

Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

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16
Q

Name three structural areas of the fallopian tubes:

A

Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum

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17
Q

What is the name of the finger like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes and what is their function?

A

Fimbriae

Capture released ovum

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18
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tube

A

It is the passageway from the ovaries to the uterus (passage of the ovum)
Normally the site of fertilisation

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19
Q

What do the fallopian tubes contain that helps them carry out their function?

A

Cilia that propel the ovum

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20
Q

What is the blood supply to the fallopian tubes?

A

Branches of the uterine and ovarian arteries and veins

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21
Q

What is the innervation to the fallopian tubes?

A

Sympathetic innervation from the ovarian plexus

Parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchic nerves

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22
Q

What is the orientation of the uterus?

A

It is anteverted (forwards) and anti flexed (downwards)

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23
Q

What can happen to the uterus after childbirth?

A

It can become retroverted

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24
Q

What is the proportion is the body of the uterus?

A

2/3

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25
What proportion of the uterus is the cervix?
1/3
26
Name the three layers of the uterus and their function
Perimetrium - the outer serous wall covering the uterus Myometrium - thick, muscular layer responsible from the process of parturition - propels the baby out Endometrium - the inner mucous layer, site of implantation and the thickness changes during the menstrual cycle
27
What is the innervation to the uterus?
Sympathetic from the hypogastric plexus (along uterine artery) Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerves
28
Touch and pain (during birth) are felt due to:
somatic efferents (S2-S4)
29
Which muscles relay the kicking of the baby?
The anterior abdominal wall muscle - because these are somatic & the wall of the uterus is not
30
What are the four main vessels supplying the female internal ducts?
Ovarian vessels - supply salpinx and ovary Uterine vessels - supply the uterus Vaginal arteries - supply the vagina Internal pudendal artery - supplies vagina and perineum
31
Name the ligaments around the uterus
Broad ligament Mesosalpinx Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament
32
How long are the fallopian tubes?
8-10cm (thin, long tubes)
33
What is the cervix?
The inferior portion of the uterus - a cylindrical tube
34
What is the function of the cervix?
It is a thick muscular layer, the opening to the uterus and which supports the developing foetus
35
What is the lumen of the cervix called?
Cervical canal
36
What are the constricted openings at the ends of the cervix called?
Internal os - communicating with uterus | External os - communicating with vagina
37
What does the cervix look like before child birth?
Round/oval
38
What does the cervix look like after childbirth?
Slit-like
39
Why does the cervix have to be compliant with the uterus
Because the muscle of the uterus is so strong, the cervix needs to be compliant in order for parturition to take place
40
What is the vagina?
Musculomembranous tube 7-9cm long
41
What does the vagina do?
Links the cervix to the vulva Receives semen during copulation Canal for menstruation Part of birth canal
42
Blood supply to the vagina:
Vaginal arteries
43
Nervous supply to the vagina:
Sympathetic innervation from the hypogastric plexus | Parasympathetic innervation from the pelvic splanchnic nerves
44
Where is the vulva/ vestibule located?
In the perineum
45
What causes arousal in women?
The hollow structures either side of the opening of the vagina become filled with blood and make the labia majora bigger
46
What are Bartholin glands?
They are little openings in the labia minora that allow lubrication of the vestibule
47
Name the components of the external genitalia in females
``` The vestibule - enclosed by the labia minora The clitoris Prepuce Clitoris Urethral opening Bartholin glands ```
48
What is the blood supply to/from the external genitalia of women?
Pudendal artery (erectile) and vein
49
Innervation of the external genitalia:
Branches of the genitofemoral and pudendal nerves
50
What are the gonads in the reproductive system of males?
Testes
51
What are the internal ducts in males?
``` Vas deferens Efferent ductules Epididymis Accessory glands - prostate Urethra ```
52
What are the external genitalia in men?
Penis | Scrotum
53
What is the size, appearance and location of the testes?
Testes are small, egg-shaped and housed in the scrotum
54
What is the function of the testes?
Sperm production - germ cells and hormone secretion
55
What is the blood supply to the testes?
Gonadal arteries and veins
56
What is the innervation to the testes?
Spermatic plexus - autonomic nervous system
57
What are the contents of the testes?
250-300 lobules - each with 4 seminiferous tubules: Spermatogenic - generate sperm cells Sertoli cells - support germ cell production Leydig cells (interstitial cells) - secrete testosterone
58
How do sperm exist the testes?
Seminiferous tubules - coiled tubules where the sperm is produced Rete testis - straight tubules Efferent ductules - the ducts leaving the testes Epididymis - transport and storage of sperm Vas deferens - thin muscular tube about 45cm long which runs towards the back of the bladder
59
What is the purpose of the spermatic cord?
``` It suspends the testes in the scrotum and contains: Vas deferens Blood (testicular) and lymph vessels Cremaster muscle Nerves e.g. branch of genitofemoral ```
60
How does the spermatic cord enter the abdomen?
Through the superficial inguinal ring
61
Describe the route of travel of the vas deferens
Travels posteriorly, crosses over external iliac and towards the back of the bladder It is joined by the seminal gland and together form the ejaculatory duct
62
What makes up the semen?
Secretions of the prostate, bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) and seminal vesicle
63
What is the blood supply to the male internal ducts?
Those that primarily supply the bladder and the rectum Inferior vesicle artery Middle rectal artery The veins follow the arteries so have the same name
64
What is the innervation to the male internal ducts?
Sympathetic from the splanchnic and hypogastric plexus | Parasympathetic from the pelvic splanchnic nerves S2-3
65
Where is the opening of the ejaculatory duct?
In the part of the penis which is surrounded by the prostate
66
What does the prostate do during ejaculation?
The prostate acts as a two way valve and closes off the top part coming from the bladder so only semen comes out during ejaculation
67
What are the accessory glands in males?
Seminal vesicles Prostate Bulbourethral glands
68
What structure is joined by the accessory glands?
The VAS DEFERENS
69
What is the location of the seminal vesicles?
Inferior to the posterior of the bladder
70
What are the seminal vesicles?
They are an elongated organ that secrete alkaline fluid and fructose and coagulate
71
What is the prostate?
A blunt inverted cone 3x4cm located at the base of the bladder and secretes prostatic fluid (20% of volume)
72
Bulbourethral glands are:
Pea sized glands known as Cowper glands
73
What is the function of the Cowper glands?
To secrete lubricating fluid to lubricate the internal ducts
74
What is the blood supply to the accessory glands?
Inferior vesicle and prostatic vessels - branches from the internal iliac artery
75
What structure exits the bladder?
The prostatic urethra
76
What does the prostatic urethra become once past the prostate?
The membranous urethra
77
What does the membranous urethra become?
The penile/ spongy urethra
78
What is immediately outside of the penile urethra?
Corpus spongiosa
79
What surround the corpus spongiosa?
Corpus cavernosa
80
What is the function of the corpus cavernosa?
Fills with blood to make the penis erect
81
What is the function of the penis?
Organ of copulation and urination
82
What are the parts of the penis?
The root, body and glans
83
The three cylindrical bodies of the penis are:
From inside to outside: Penile urethra Corpus spongiosa Corpus cavernosa
84
Blood supply to the penis:
Dorsal and Deep arteries (branches of interior pudendal) | Dorsal veins of the penis
85
What are the nerves supplying the penis?
Dorsal nerve of the penis - branch of pudendal
86
Which arteries fill the corpus cavernosa with blood?
The deep and dorsal arteries
87
Spermatogenesis occurs in what type of environment/temperature?
Cooler temperatures
88
What muscle helps the scrotum to be pulled closer to the body when it is cold?
The cremaster muscle
89
What make up the external genitalia of a male?
Penis | Scrotum
90
Why are the scrotum outside the body?
To house the testis in cooler temperatures to allow spermatogenesis to occur
91
What muscle assists in regulating the temperature in the scrotum?
The smooth (dartos) muscle
92
What are the vessels that supply the scrotum
Scrotal vessels (branch of the pudendal)
93
What is the nerve that supplies the scrotum?
The genitofemoral nerve (&the posterior scrotal nerve?)

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