Lec.3 Sterilization Flashcards
(344 cards)
1
Q
What is the definition of sterilization?; Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life
A
including bacteria
2
Q
What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?; Sterilization completely destroys all microorganisms
A
while disinfection reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health.
3
Q
Why is sterilization important in medical settings?; Sterilization is crucial in medical settings to prevent infections and ensure the safety of surgical procedures by eliminating all potential pathogens.
A
4
Q
What are common methods of sterilization?; Common methods of sterilization include autoclaving
A
dry heat sterilization
5
Q
What role does disinfection play in infection control?; Disinfection plays a vital role in infection control by reducing the number of harmful microorganisms on surfaces and instruments
A
thereby minimizing the risk of infection.
6
Q
What is sterilization and disinfection?; Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life
A
including bacteria
7
Q
What are the methods of sterilization and disinfection?; Methods of sterilization and disinfection include physical methods like autoclaving and dry heat
A
chemical methods using disinfectants
8
Q
How is sterilization of surgical instruments performed?; Sterilization of surgical instruments is typically performed using autoclaving
A
which uses steam under pressure
9
Q
What is involved in the decontamination of the surgical team?; Decontamination of the surgical team involves proper hand hygiene
A
wearing sterile gloves and gowns
10
Q
What steps are taken for the decontamination of an animal’s surgical site?; Decontamination of an animal’s surgical site includes shaving the area
A
cleaning with antiseptic solutions
11
Q
What are pathogens?; Microorganisms that cause disease
A
including viruses
12
Q
What is decontamination?; Decontamination is the process that involves cleaning and achieving asepsis.
A
13
Q
What is asepsis?; Asepsis is a condition in which no living organisms are present.
A
14
Q
What does sterilization refer to?; Sterilization is the destruction of all microorganisms (bacteria
A
viruses
15
Q
What is the purpose of disinfection?; Disinfection is the destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate (nonliving) objects.
A
16
Q
What is antisepsis?; Antisepsis is the destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on animate (living) objects.
A
17
Q
How are antiseptics used in surgical procedures?; Antiseptics are used to kill microorganisms during patient skin preparation and surgical scrubbing; however
A
the skin is not sterilized.
18
Q
What does cleaning involve?; Cleaning usually refers to the physical removal of surface contaminants
A
typically using detergents or soap and water
19
Q
What is the process of using steam or dry heat to eliminate all forms of microbial life?; Sterilization
A
20
Q
What is a common chemical agent used for sterilization that is a gas?; Ethylene oxide
A
21
Q
What type of radiation is often used for sterilization purposes?; Gamma radiation
A
22
Q
What is the term for the use of boiling water to kill pathogens?; Disinfection
A
23
Q
What is a common chemical disinfectant that is 70% alcohol?; 70% Alcohol
A
24
Q
What is the name of the chemical compound used for sterilization that is a liquid and contains glutaric aldehyde?; Glutaric Aldehyde
A
25
What is the method of sterilization that involves the use of heat and is effective in killing bacteria?; Heat sterilization
26
What disinfectant is known for its effectiveness and is often used in veterinary practice?; Phenol
27
What type of solution can be used for disinfection that includes chloramines?; Chloramines solution
28
What are the different ways that physical and chemical methods can destroy or inhibit microbes?; They can damage cell walls or membranes
interfere with cell enzyme activity or metabolism
29
What is the practical use of isopropyl alcohol in veterinary practice?; Spot cleaning and injection site preparation.
30
What are the properties of chlorine compounds in veterinary disinfectants?; Good disinfectant properties but fair antiseptic properties.
31
What mechanism of action do iodine compounds utilize?; Iodination and oxidation of essential molecules.
32
What precautions should be taken when using glutaraldehyde?; It has a tissue reaction odor
so instruments should be rinsed well before use.
33
What is the main mechanism of action for alcohol as a disinfectant?; Protein denaturation
metabolic interruption
34
What is a disadvantage of using chlorine compounds for cleaning?; They are inactivated by organic debris and corrosive to metal.
35
What is the practical use of iodine compounds in veterinary practice?; Cleaning dark-colored floors and countertops.
36
What are the antiseptic properties of glutaraldehyde?; It has good disinfectant properties but no antiseptic properties.
37
What method of sterilization uses high temperature steam under pressure?; Autoclaving is the method that uses high temperature steam under pressure for sterilization.
38
What ensures the saturation of wrapped surgical packs during autoclaving?; The high pressure during autoclaving ensures the saturation of wrapped surgical packs.
39
Why is autoclaving considered the most efficient method of sterilization?; Autoclaving is considered the most efficient and inexpensive method of sterilization for routine use.
40
What is the efficacy of autoclaving in terms of sterilization?; The efficacy of autoclaving is complete sterilization.
41
What is an autoclave and how does it function in sterilization?; An autoclave is a device that uses steam under pressure to sterilize equipment and supplies. It operates by raising the temperature of water to produce steam
which then penetrates the items being sterilized
42
What is dry heat sterilization?; Dry heat sterilization is a method of sterilization that uses hot air to kill microorganisms
typically at temperatures ranging from 160°C to 180°C for a specified duration.
43
What are the advantages of using dry heat sterilization?; Advantages of dry heat sterilization include its ability to penetrate materials without moisture
making it suitable for sterilizing oils
44
What is the typical temperature range for dry heat sterilization?; The typical temperature range for dry heat sterilization is between 160°C and 180°C.
45
How long should items be exposed to dry heat for effective sterilization?; Items should generally be exposed to dry heat for at least 1 to 2 hours
depending on the temperature and the type of materials being sterilized.
46
What types of materials are best suited for dry heat sterilization?; Materials that are best suited for dry heat sterilization include glassware
metal instruments
47
What is the primary advantage of dry-heat sterilization regarding hinged instruments and items with multiple parts?; It is not necessary to open or unlock hinged instruments or disassemble items with sliding or multiple parts
as the entire item is raised to the designated temperature.
48
What is the recommended sterilization temperature and time for dry heat at 170 degrees C?; 170 degrees C (340 degrees F) for 1 hour.
49
At what temperature and duration should items be sterilized using dry heat at 160 degrees C?; 160 degrees C (320 degrees F) for 2 hours.
50
What is the maximum temperature recommended for sterilizing sharp instruments and needles using dry heat?; Sharp instruments and needles should not be sterilized at temperatures higher than 160 degrees C.
51
What should be done after sterilizing items in a dry heat oven before removing them?; Leave items in the oven to cool before removing them using sterile pickups.
52
What is Ethylene oxide and how does it kill microorganisms?; Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a flammable
explosive gas that kills microorganisms by altering their DNA through alkylation.
53
What types of instruments are typically sterilized using Ethylene oxide?; Ethylene oxide is used for heat sensitive instruments such as plastics
suture material
54
What conditions enhance the Ethylene oxide sterilization process?; The Ethylene oxide sterilization process is enhanced by heat and moisture
with an optimum temperature range of 49 °C to 60 °C and an optimum humidity level of 20% to 40%.
55
At what temperature and duration are most items sterilized using Ethylene oxide?; Most items are sterilized at 54.4 °C (130 °F) for approximately 2.5 hours.
56
What are the sterilization conditions for heat-sensitive items using Ethylene oxide?; Heat-sensitive items are sterilized at 37.8 °C (100 °F) for approximately 5 hours.
57
How long do sterilized items need aeration in a well-ventilated area?; Sterilized items need aeration for a minimum of 7 days
or 12 to 18 hours in an aerator.
58
What are the potential health effects of chronic exposure to Ethylene Oxide (EtO) in humans?; Chronic exposure to EtO can cause irritation of the eyes
skin
59
What is the primary method of sterilization used for prepackaged equipment from manufacturers?; Ionizing radiation
specifically cobalt 60
60
Why is the use of ionizing radiation for sterilization restricted to commercial use?; The use of ionizing radiation for sterilization is restricted to commercial use because of its expense.
61
What types of items commonly used in the operating room are sterilized with ionizing radiation?; Items commonly sterilized with ionizing radiation include suture material
sponges
62
What is glutaraldehyde and what is its primary use in sterilization?; Glutaraldehyde is a saturated dialdehyde that is widely accepted as a high level disinfectant and chemical sterilant
particularly for delicate lensed instruments.
63
Why is glutaraldehyde considered noncorrosive?; Glutaraldehyde is noncorrosive to metals
rubbers
64
What types of instruments can be sterilized using 2% glutaraldehyde?; Delicate lensed instruments such as endoscopes
cystoscopes
65
What conditions must items meet before immersion in glutaraldehyde for sterilization?; Items must be clean and dry before immersion in glutaraldehyde
as organic matter can prevent proper sterilization.
66
What effect does residual water have on the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde?; Residual water can cause chemical dilution
which may reduce the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde as a sterilant.
67
What is the immersion time required for sterilization using 2% glutaraldehyde?; 10 hours at 20 ° - 25 ° C for sterilization.
68
What is the immersion time required for disinfection using 2% glutaraldehyde?; 10 minutes at 20 ° - 25 ° C for disinfection.
69
What should be done after the appropriate immersion period of instruments in glutaraldehyde?; Instruments should be rinsed thoroughly with sterile water and dried with sterile towels.
70
What major health risk is associated with glutaraldehyde?; It is a known respiratory and dermal irritant and sensitizer
which can cause adverse health effects in exposed workers.
71
What serious conditions can result from failing to rinse disinfected equipment thoroughly after using glutaraldehyde?; Chemical colitis
pancreatitis
72
What is the importance of bathing dirty animals prior to surgical preparation?; Bathing dirty animals helps to reduce the risk of infection and ensures a cleaner surgical environment.
73
What should be done when clipping the area around the surgical site?; A broad area should be clipped while being careful not to cut the skin.
74
What is the recommended method for scrubbing an area with surgical soap?; Start at the center of the site and work outward in larger and larger circles for five minutes
using a new piece of gauze each time you return to the center.
75
What is the procedure for wiping the surgical site with sterile gauze sponge?; Wipe the area with sterile gauze sponge
starting at the center of the site
76
What is the purpose of placing four sterile surgical drapes around the incision site?; The purpose is to create a sterile field and minimize the risk of infection during surgery.
77
Who is allowed to touch the incision site during surgery?; Only people wearing sterile surgical gloves should touch the site.
78
What is the function of draping in surgery?; The function of draping is to separate the sterile surgical site from contaminated areas of the patient.
79
What is the first step in surgical personnel preparation?; Wearing a mask and cap.
80
How is scrubbing done during surgical personnel preparation?; Scrubbing is done with a surgical hand brush and soap.
81
What is the procedure for applying soap to hands and arms during scrubbing?; Apply soap to hands and arms
lathering without a brush.
82
What is the correct way to rinse hands after scrubbing?; Elevate hands above the level of elbows
so that rinse water runs off the elbows
83
How should soap be reapplied during the scrubbing process?; Reapply soap and scrub hands and arms with a brush.
84
What is the recommended scrubbing technique for hands to elbows?; Scrub from hands to elbows so the cleanest area is the hands.
85
How many strokes should be done on each finger during scrubbing?; Each finger should receive more than 10 strokes on each surface
totaling 40 strokes per finger.
86
How many strokes should be applied to fingernails and both surfaces of hands?; 20 strokes each for fingernails and both surfaces of hands.
87
How many strokes should be applied to each arm's surface during scrubbing?; 10 strokes for each arm's surface.
88
What is the procedure for rinsing after scrubbing?; Rinse in warm water
allowing the water to drip from the elbows.
89
How many times should the entire scrubbing procedure be repeated?; The entire scrubbing procedure should be repeated twice.
90
What is the primary goal of surgical personnel preparation?; The primary goal of surgical personnel preparation is to minimize the risk of infection and ensure a sterile environment during surgical procedures.
91
What are the key steps involved in preparing surgical personnel?; Key steps include proper hand hygiene
wearing appropriate surgical attire
92
Why is hand hygiene critical in surgical personnel preparation?; Hand hygiene is critical because it reduces the transmission of pathogens and helps maintain a sterile field during surgery.
93
What type of attire is recommended for surgical personnel?; Surgical personnel should wear sterile gowns
caps
94
How does the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) contribute to surgical safety?; PPE protects surgical personnel from exposure to infectious materials and helps maintain a sterile environment
reducing the risk of surgical site infections.
95
What is the first step in the drying process during gowning and gloving?; Pick up a sterile towel by one end using one hand and dry fingers and hand of the opposite arm
then dry the arm to the elbow.
96
What should be done with the towel after it has been used on the arms?; Once the towel is used on arms
it should not be used on hands or fingers.
97
Who opens the gown pack outer wrapping?; The unscrubbed assistant opens the gown pack outer wrapping.
98
How does the scrubbed surgeon don the gown?; The scrubbed surgeon grasps the folded gown at the shoulder and places the left arm into the sleeve
then the right arm into the sleeve.
99
What is the role of the assistant during the gowning process?; The assistant grasps the inside of the gown and pulls the sleeves into place
then pulls down to straighten the front and ties the neck and waist.
100
What is the procedure for opening the glove pack?; The assistant opens the glove pack.
101
What should be avoided during the gowning and gloving procedures?; Bare fingers should never touch any part of the gown or any part of the outside of gloves.
102
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment by preventing contamination from the surgical team to the patient and vice versa.
103
What are the steps involved in proper gowning technique?; The steps involved in proper gowning technique include washing hands
donning a sterile gown
104
Why is it important to wear a gown during surgery?; Wearing a gown during surgery is important to protect the surgical site from potential contaminants and to uphold the principles of asepsis.
105
What materials are commonly used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are commonly made from materials such as cotton
polyester
106
How does gowning contribute to infection control in surgery?; Gowning contributes to infection control in surgery by creating a barrier that minimizes the risk of microbial transmission from the surgical team to the patient.
107
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment by preventing the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical personnel to the patient and the sterile field.
108
What are the key steps involved in the gowning process for surgical personnel?; The key steps involved in the gowning process include hand hygiene
donning a sterile gown
109
Why is it important to follow proper gowning procedures in surgery?; Following proper gowning procedures is important to minimize the risk of surgical site infections and to protect both the patient and the surgical team from contamination.
110
What materials are typically used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are typically made from materials that are fluid-resistant and provide a barrier to microorganisms
such as non-woven fabrics or treated cotton.
111
How does gowning contribute to asepsis in the operating room?; Gowning contributes to asepsis in the operating room by creating a barrier that helps prevent the introduction of pathogens into the sterile field during surgical procedures.
112
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment and protect both the surgical team and the patient from potential contamination.
113
What are the steps involved in the gowning process for surgical personnel?; The steps involved in the gowning process include hand hygiene
donning a sterile gown
114
Why is it important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use?; It is important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use to prevent the introduction of pathogens into the surgical site
which can lead to infections and complications.
115
What materials are commonly used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are commonly made from materials such as cotton
polyester
116
How does proper gowning contribute to maintaining a sterile field during surgery?; Proper gowning contributes to maintaining a sterile field by providing a barrier against contaminants
thereby reducing the risk of infection during surgical procedures.
117
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment by preventing contamination from the surgical team to the patient and vice versa.
118
What are the steps involved in the gowning process for surgical personnel?; The steps involved in the gowning process include washing hands
donning a sterile gown
119
Why is it important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use?; It is important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use to minimize the risk of introducing pathogens into the surgical site
which can lead to infections and complications.
120
What materials are commonly used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are commonly made from materials such as cotton
polyester
121
How does proper gowning contribute to maintaining a sterile field during surgery?; Proper gowning contributes to maintaining a sterile field during surgery by providing a barrier that prevents the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team to the sterile environment.
122
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the patient and surgical personnel from infection
123
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
124
How should gloves be properly donned before a surgical procedure?; Gloves should be properly donned by first performing hand hygiene
then opening the glove package without touching the inside
125
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
126
What are the potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery?; The potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery include increased risk of surgical site infections
contamination of sterile instruments
127
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the patient and surgical personnel from infection
128
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
129
What is the correct technique for donning sterile gloves?; The correct technique for donning sterile gloves involves washing hands thoroughly
opening the glove package without touching the inside
130
Why is it important to change gloves during a surgical procedure?; It is important to change gloves during a surgical procedure to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
131
What should be done if a glove is punctured during surgery?; If a glove is punctured during surgery
the surgical team should immediately change the glove to maintain sterility and prevent infection.
132
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the patient and surgical personnel from infection
133
What are the two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures?; The two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures are sterile gloves and non-sterile gloves.
134
How should gloves be properly donned to ensure sterility?; Gloves should be properly donned by first performing hand hygiene
then using the correct technique to put on the gloves without touching the outside surface
135
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
136
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the surgical personnel and the patient from infection
137
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
138
How should gloves be properly donned before a surgical procedure?; Gloves should be properly donned by first performing hand hygiene
then selecting the appropriate size and type of gloves
139
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
140
What are the potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery?; The potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery include increased risk of surgical site infections
contamination of sterile instruments
141
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to create a barrier that protects both the surgical personnel and the patient from contamination and infection.
142
What are the two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures?; The two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures are sterile gloves and non-sterile gloves.
143
How should sterile gloves be donned to maintain sterility?; Sterile gloves should be donned by first performing hand hygiene
then using the glove package to avoid touching the outside of the gloves
144
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination and to maintain a sterile environment
especially after handling non-sterile items.
145
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to create a barrier between the surgical personnel and the patient
preventing the transmission of pathogens and maintaining a sterile environment.
146
What are the two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures?; The two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures are sterile gloves and non-sterile gloves.
147
How should surgical gloves be donned to ensure sterility?; Surgical gloves should be donned using a technique that minimizes contact with the outside of the glove
typically by using the 'glove-to-glove' and 'skin-to-skin' method.
148
What is the significance of wearing gloves during patient examinations?; Wearing gloves during patient examinations is significant as it helps to protect both the healthcare provider and the patient from potential infections.
149
What should be done if a surgical glove is punctured during a procedure?; If a surgical glove is punctured during a procedure
it should be replaced immediately to maintain a sterile field and prevent contamination.
150
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the surgical personnel and the patient from infection
151
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
152
What is the correct technique for donning sterile gloves?; The correct technique for donning sterile gloves involves washing hands thoroughly
opening the glove package without contaminating the inside
153
Why is it important to change gloves during a surgical procedure?; It is important to change gloves during a surgical procedure to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
154
What should be done if a glove is punctured during surgery?; If a glove is punctured during surgery
the surgeon should immediately change the glove to maintain sterility and prevent contamination of the surgical site.
155
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the surgical personnel and the patient from infection
156
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include latex gloves
nitrile gloves
157
What is the correct technique for donning sterile gloves?; The correct technique for donning sterile gloves involves washing hands thoroughly
opening the glove package without contaminating the inside
158
Why is it important to change gloves during a surgical procedure?; It is important to change gloves during a surgical procedure to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
159
What should be done if a glove is punctured during surgery?; If a glove is punctured during surgery
the surgeon should immediately change the glove to maintain sterility and prevent infection.
160
What is the first step in the surgical preparation of a large animal patient?; The first step is clipping the area where the surgery will take place to remove hair and debris.
161
What is the proper technique for wiping the scrubbed skin before surgery?; Always work from the proposed incision site to the periphery.
162
What is the final antiseptic preparation step for skin before surgery?; Apply 70% Isopropyl alcohol to the skin and let it dry.
163
What should you never do to maintain a sterile field during surgery?; Never turn your back on a sterile surface.
164
How should arms and hands be positioned to maintain a sterile field?; Arms and hands should remain above the waist and below the shoulder.
165
What is the proper way to handle materials to maintain sterility?; Lift up materials; do not drag them over the edges of containers.
166
What should be done if contamination occurs during a surgical procedure?; Stop and correct the situation immediately.
167
What is a precaution regarding conversation during surgery?; Keep conversation to a minimum during surgery.
168
How should sterile instruments be positioned in relation to the surgical table?; Sterile instruments should never be below the edge of the surgical table.
169
What should be done to keep sterile surfaces during surgery?; Keep all sterile surfaces dry.
170
What should be avoided to maintain a sterile field regarding movement?; Avoid excessive movement during surgery.
171
What should be avoided regarding the shaking of materials during surgery?; Avoid shaking of gowns
towels
172
What should you do with your hands if waiting during surgery?; Clasp hands in front of your body above the waist.
173
What is the definition of sterilization?; Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life
including bacteria
174
What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?; Sterilization completely destroys all microorganisms
while disinfection reduces the number of pathogenic microorganisms to a level that is not harmful to health.
175
Why is sterilization important in medical settings?; Sterilization is crucial in medical settings to prevent infections and ensure the safety of surgical procedures by eliminating all potential pathogens.
176
What are common methods of sterilization?; Common methods of sterilization include autoclaving
dry heat sterilization
177
What role does disinfection play in infection control?; Disinfection plays a vital role in infection control by reducing the number of harmful microorganisms on surfaces and instruments
thereby minimizing the risk of infection.
178
What is sterilization and disinfection?; Sterilization is the process of eliminating all forms of microbial life
including bacteria
179
What are the methods of sterilization and disinfection?; Methods of sterilization and disinfection include physical methods like autoclaving and dry heat
chemical methods using disinfectants
180
How is sterilization of surgical instruments performed?; Sterilization of surgical instruments is typically performed using autoclaving
which uses steam under pressure
181
What is involved in the decontamination of the surgical team?; Decontamination of the surgical team involves proper hand hygiene
wearing sterile gloves and gowns
182
What steps are taken for the decontamination of an animal's surgical site?; Decontamination of an animal's surgical site includes shaving the area
cleaning with antiseptic solutions
183
What are pathogens?; Microorganisms that cause disease
including viruses
184
What is decontamination?; Decontamination is the process that involves cleaning and achieving asepsis.
185
What is asepsis?; Asepsis is a condition in which no living organisms are present.
186
What does sterilization refer to?; Sterilization is the destruction of all microorganisms (bacteria
viruses
187
What is the purpose of disinfection?; Disinfection is the destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate (nonliving) objects.
188
What is antisepsis?; Antisepsis is the destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on animate (living) objects.
189
How are antiseptics used in surgical procedures?; Antiseptics are used to kill microorganisms during patient skin preparation and surgical scrubbing; however
the skin is not sterilized.
190
What does cleaning involve?; Cleaning usually refers to the physical removal of surface contaminants
typically using detergents or soap and water
191
What is the process of using steam or dry heat to eliminate all forms of microbial life?; Sterilization
192
What is a common chemical agent used for sterilization that is a gas?; Ethylene oxide
193
What type of radiation is often used for sterilization purposes?; Gamma radiation
194
What is the term for the use of boiling water to kill pathogens?; Disinfection
195
What is a common chemical disinfectant that is 70% alcohol?; 70% Alcohol
196
What is the name of the chemical compound used for sterilization that is a liquid and contains glutaric aldehyde?; Glutaric Aldehyde
197
What is the method of sterilization that involves the use of heat and is effective in killing bacteria?; Heat sterilization
198
What disinfectant is known for its effectiveness and is often used in veterinary practice?; Phenol
199
What type of solution can be used for disinfection that includes chloramines?; Chloramines solution
200
What are the different ways that physical and chemical methods can destroy or inhibit microbes?; They can damage cell walls or membranes
interfere with cell enzyme activity or metabolism
201
What is the practical use of isopropyl alcohol in veterinary practice?; Spot cleaning and injection site preparation.
202
What are the properties of chlorine compounds in veterinary disinfectants?; Good disinfectant properties but fair antiseptic properties.
203
What mechanism of action do iodine compounds utilize?; Iodination and oxidation of essential molecules.
204
What precautions should be taken when using glutaraldehyde?; It has a tissue reaction odor
so instruments should be rinsed well before use.
205
What is the main mechanism of action for alcohol as a disinfectant?; Protein denaturation
metabolic interruption
206
What is a disadvantage of using chlorine compounds for cleaning?; They are inactivated by organic debris and corrosive to metal.
207
What is the practical use of iodine compounds in veterinary practice?; Cleaning dark-colored floors and countertops.
208
What are the antiseptic properties of glutaraldehyde?; It has good disinfectant properties but no antiseptic properties.
209
What method of sterilization uses high temperature steam under pressure?; Autoclaving is the method that uses high temperature steam under pressure for sterilization.
210
What ensures the saturation of wrapped surgical packs during autoclaving?; The high pressure during autoclaving ensures the saturation of wrapped surgical packs.
211
Why is autoclaving considered the most efficient method of sterilization?; Autoclaving is considered the most efficient and inexpensive method of sterilization for routine use.
212
What is the efficacy of autoclaving in terms of sterilization?; The efficacy of autoclaving is complete sterilization.
213
What is an autoclave and how does it function in sterilization?; An autoclave is a device that uses steam under pressure to sterilize equipment and supplies. It operates by raising the temperature of water to produce steam
which then penetrates the items being sterilized
214
What is dry heat sterilization?; Dry heat sterilization is a method of sterilization that uses hot air to kill microorganisms
typically at temperatures ranging from 160°C to 180°C for a specified duration.
215
What are the advantages of using dry heat sterilization?; Advantages of dry heat sterilization include its ability to penetrate materials without moisture
making it suitable for sterilizing oils
216
What is the typical temperature range for dry heat sterilization?; The typical temperature range for dry heat sterilization is between 160°C and 180°C.
217
How long should items be exposed to dry heat for effective sterilization?; Items should generally be exposed to dry heat for at least 1 to 2 hours
depending on the temperature and the type of materials being sterilized.
218
What types of materials are best suited for dry heat sterilization?; Materials that are best suited for dry heat sterilization include glassware
metal instruments
219
What is the primary advantage of dry-heat sterilization regarding hinged instruments and items with multiple parts?; It is not necessary to open or unlock hinged instruments or disassemble items with sliding or multiple parts
as the entire item is raised to the designated temperature.
220
What is the recommended sterilization temperature and time for dry heat at 170 degrees C?; 170 degrees C (340 degrees F) for 1 hour.
221
At what temperature and duration should items be sterilized using dry heat at 160 degrees C?; 160 degrees C (320 degrees F) for 2 hours.
222
What is the maximum temperature recommended for sterilizing sharp instruments and needles using dry heat?; Sharp instruments and needles should not be sterilized at temperatures higher than 160 degrees C.
223
What should be done after sterilizing items in a dry heat oven before removing them?; Leave items in the oven to cool before removing them using sterile pickups.
224
What is Ethylene oxide and how does it kill microorganisms?; Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a flammable
explosive gas that kills microorganisms by altering their DNA through alkylation.
225
What types of instruments are typically sterilized using Ethylene oxide?; Ethylene oxide is used for heat sensitive instruments such as plastics
suture material
226
What conditions enhance the Ethylene oxide sterilization process?; The Ethylene oxide sterilization process is enhanced by heat and moisture
with an optimum temperature range of 49 °C to 60 °C and an optimum humidity level of 20% to 40%.
227
At what temperature and duration are most items sterilized using Ethylene oxide?; Most items are sterilized at 54.4 °C (130 °F) for approximately 2.5 hours.
228
What are the sterilization conditions for heat-sensitive items using Ethylene oxide?; Heat-sensitive items are sterilized at 37.8 °C (100 °F) for approximately 5 hours.
229
How long do sterilized items need aeration in a well-ventilated area?; Sterilized items need aeration for a minimum of 7 days
or 12 to 18 hours in an aerator.
230
What are the potential health effects of chronic exposure to Ethylene Oxide (EtO) in humans?; Chronic exposure to EtO can cause irritation of the eyes
skin
231
What is the primary method of sterilization used for prepackaged equipment from manufacturers?; Ionizing radiation
specifically cobalt 60
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Why is the use of ionizing radiation for sterilization restricted to commercial use?; The use of ionizing radiation for sterilization is restricted to commercial use because of its expense.
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What types of items commonly used in the operating room are sterilized with ionizing radiation?; Items commonly sterilized with ionizing radiation include suture material
sponges
234
What is glutaraldehyde and what is its primary use in sterilization?; Glutaraldehyde is a saturated dialdehyde that is widely accepted as a high level disinfectant and chemical sterilant
particularly for delicate lensed instruments.
235
Why is glutaraldehyde considered noncorrosive?; Glutaraldehyde is noncorrosive to metals
rubbers
236
What types of instruments can be sterilized using 2% glutaraldehyde?; Delicate lensed instruments such as endoscopes
cystoscopes
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What conditions must items meet before immersion in glutaraldehyde for sterilization?; Items must be clean and dry before immersion in glutaraldehyde
as organic matter can prevent proper sterilization.
238
What effect does residual water have on the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde?; Residual water can cause chemical dilution
which may reduce the effectiveness of glutaraldehyde as a sterilant.
239
What is the immersion time required for sterilization using 2% glutaraldehyde?; 10 hours at 20 ° - 25 ° C for sterilization.
240
What is the immersion time required for disinfection using 2% glutaraldehyde?; 10 minutes at 20 ° - 25 ° C for disinfection.
241
What should be done after the appropriate immersion period of instruments in glutaraldehyde?; Instruments should be rinsed thoroughly with sterile water and dried with sterile towels.
242
What major health risk is associated with glutaraldehyde?; It is a known respiratory and dermal irritant and sensitizer
which can cause adverse health effects in exposed workers.
243
What serious conditions can result from failing to rinse disinfected equipment thoroughly after using glutaraldehyde?; Chemical colitis
pancreatitis
244
What is the importance of bathing dirty animals prior to surgical preparation?; Bathing dirty animals helps to reduce the risk of infection and ensures a cleaner surgical environment.
245
What should be done when clipping the area around the surgical site?; A broad area should be clipped while being careful not to cut the skin.
246
What is the recommended method for scrubbing an area with surgical soap?; Start at the center of the site and work outward in larger and larger circles for five minutes
using a new piece of gauze each time you return to the center.
247
What is the procedure for wiping the surgical site with sterile gauze sponge?; Wipe the area with sterile gauze sponge
starting at the center of the site
248
What is the purpose of placing four sterile surgical drapes around the incision site?; The purpose is to create a sterile field and minimize the risk of infection during surgery.
249
Who is allowed to touch the incision site during surgery?; Only people wearing sterile surgical gloves should touch the site.
250
What is the function of draping in surgery?; The function of draping is to separate the sterile surgical site from contaminated areas of the patient.
251
What is the first step in surgical personnel preparation?; Wearing a mask and cap.
252
How is scrubbing done during surgical personnel preparation?; Scrubbing is done with a surgical hand brush and soap.
253
What is the procedure for applying soap to hands and arms during scrubbing?; Apply soap to hands and arms
lathering without a brush.
254
What is the correct way to rinse hands after scrubbing?; Elevate hands above the level of elbows
so that rinse water runs off the elbows
255
How should soap be reapplied during the scrubbing process?; Reapply soap and scrub hands and arms with a brush.
256
What is the recommended scrubbing technique for hands to elbows?; Scrub from hands to elbows so the cleanest area is the hands.
257
How many strokes should be done on each finger during scrubbing?; Each finger should receive more than 10 strokes on each surface
totaling 40 strokes per finger.
258
How many strokes should be applied to fingernails and both surfaces of hands?; 20 strokes each for fingernails and both surfaces of hands.
259
How many strokes should be applied to each arm's surface during scrubbing?; 10 strokes for each arm's surface.
260
What is the procedure for rinsing after scrubbing?; Rinse in warm water
allowing the water to drip from the elbows.
261
How many times should the entire scrubbing procedure be repeated?; The entire scrubbing procedure should be repeated twice.
262
What is the primary goal of surgical personnel preparation?; The primary goal of surgical personnel preparation is to minimize the risk of infection and ensure a sterile environment during surgical procedures.
263
What are the key steps involved in preparing surgical personnel?; Key steps include proper hand hygiene
wearing appropriate surgical attire
264
Why is hand hygiene critical in surgical personnel preparation?; Hand hygiene is critical because it reduces the transmission of pathogens and helps maintain a sterile field during surgery.
265
What type of attire is recommended for surgical personnel?; Surgical personnel should wear sterile gowns
caps
266
How does the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) contribute to surgical safety?; PPE protects surgical personnel from exposure to infectious materials and helps maintain a sterile environment
reducing the risk of surgical site infections.
267
What is the first step in the drying process during gowning and gloving?; Pick up a sterile towel by one end using one hand and dry fingers and hand of the opposite arm
then dry the arm to the elbow.
268
What should be done with the towel after it has been used on the arms?; Once the towel is used on arms
it should not be used on hands or fingers.
269
Who opens the gown pack outer wrapping?; The unscrubbed assistant opens the gown pack outer wrapping.
270
How does the scrubbed surgeon don the gown?; The scrubbed surgeon grasps the folded gown at the shoulder and places the left arm into the sleeve
then the right arm into the sleeve.
271
What is the role of the assistant during the gowning process?; The assistant grasps the inside of the gown and pulls the sleeves into place
then pulls down to straighten the front and ties the neck and waist.
272
What is the procedure for opening the glove pack?; The assistant opens the glove pack.
273
What should be avoided during the gowning and gloving procedures?; Bare fingers should never touch any part of the gown or any part of the outside of gloves.
274
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment by preventing contamination from the surgical team to the patient and vice versa.
275
What are the steps involved in proper gowning technique?; The steps involved in proper gowning technique include washing hands
donning a sterile gown
276
Why is it important to wear a gown during surgery?; Wearing a gown during surgery is important to protect the surgical site from potential contaminants and to uphold the principles of asepsis.
277
What materials are commonly used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are commonly made from materials such as cotton
polyester
278
How does gowning contribute to infection control in surgery?; Gowning contributes to infection control in surgery by creating a barrier that minimizes the risk of microbial transmission from the surgical team to the patient.
279
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment by preventing the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical personnel to the patient and the sterile field.
280
What are the key steps involved in the gowning process for surgical personnel?; The key steps involved in the gowning process include hand hygiene
donning a sterile gown
281
Why is it important to follow proper gowning procedures in surgery?; Following proper gowning procedures is important to minimize the risk of surgical site infections and to protect both the patient and the surgical team from contamination.
282
What materials are typically used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are typically made from materials that are fluid-resistant and provide a barrier to microorganisms
such as non-woven fabrics or treated cotton.
283
How does gowning contribute to asepsis in the operating room?; Gowning contributes to asepsis in the operating room by creating a barrier that helps prevent the introduction of pathogens into the sterile field during surgical procedures.
284
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment and protect both the surgical team and the patient from potential contamination.
285
What are the steps involved in the gowning process for surgical personnel?; The steps involved in the gowning process include hand hygiene
donning a sterile gown
286
Why is it important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use?; It is important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use to prevent the introduction of pathogens into the surgical site
which can lead to infections and complications.
287
What materials are commonly used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are commonly made from materials such as cotton
polyester
288
How does proper gowning contribute to maintaining a sterile field during surgery?; Proper gowning contributes to maintaining a sterile field by providing a barrier against contaminants
thereby reducing the risk of infection during surgical procedures.
289
What is the purpose of gowning in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gowning in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment by preventing contamination from the surgical team to the patient and vice versa.
290
What are the steps involved in the gowning process for surgical personnel?; The steps involved in the gowning process include washing hands
donning a sterile gown
291
Why is it important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use?; It is important to ensure that the gown is sterile before use to minimize the risk of introducing pathogens into the surgical site
which can lead to infections and complications.
292
What materials are commonly used for surgical gowns?; Surgical gowns are commonly made from materials such as cotton
polyester
293
How does proper gowning contribute to maintaining a sterile field during surgery?; Proper gowning contributes to maintaining a sterile field during surgery by providing a barrier that prevents the transfer of microorganisms from the surgical team to the sterile environment.
294
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the patient and surgical personnel from infection
295
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
296
How should gloves be properly donned before a surgical procedure?; Gloves should be properly donned by first performing hand hygiene
then opening the glove package without touching the inside
297
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
298
What are the potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery?; The potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery include increased risk of surgical site infections
contamination of sterile instruments
299
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the patient and surgical personnel from infection
300
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
301
What is the correct technique for donning sterile gloves?; The correct technique for donning sterile gloves involves washing hands thoroughly
opening the glove package without touching the inside
302
Why is it important to change gloves during a surgical procedure?; It is important to change gloves during a surgical procedure to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
303
What should be done if a glove is punctured during surgery?; If a glove is punctured during surgery
the surgical team should immediately change the glove to maintain sterility and prevent infection.
304
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the patient and surgical personnel from infection
305
What are the two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures?; The two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures are sterile gloves and non-sterile gloves.
306
How should gloves be properly donned to ensure sterility?; Gloves should be properly donned by first performing hand hygiene
then using the correct technique to put on the gloves without touching the outside surface
307
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
308
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the surgical personnel and the patient from infection
309
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
310
How should gloves be properly donned before a surgical procedure?; Gloves should be properly donned by first performing hand hygiene
then selecting the appropriate size and type of gloves
311
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
312
What are the potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery?; The potential consequences of improper gloving techniques in surgery include increased risk of surgical site infections
contamination of sterile instruments
313
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to create a barrier that protects both the surgical personnel and the patient from contamination and infection.
314
What are the two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures?; The two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures are sterile gloves and non-sterile gloves.
315
How should sterile gloves be donned to maintain sterility?; Sterile gloves should be donned by first performing hand hygiene
then using the glove package to avoid touching the outside of the gloves
316
What is the significance of changing gloves during a surgical procedure?; Changing gloves during a surgical procedure is significant to prevent cross-contamination and to maintain a sterile environment
especially after handling non-sterile items.
317
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to create a barrier between the surgical personnel and the patient
preventing the transmission of pathogens and maintaining a sterile environment.
318
What are the two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures?; The two main types of gloves used in surgical procedures are sterile gloves and non-sterile gloves.
319
How should surgical gloves be donned to ensure sterility?; Surgical gloves should be donned using a technique that minimizes contact with the outside of the glove
typically by using the 'glove-to-glove' and 'skin-to-skin' method.
320
What is the significance of wearing gloves during patient examinations?; Wearing gloves during patient examinations is significant as it helps to protect both the healthcare provider and the patient from potential infections.
321
What should be done if a surgical glove is punctured during a procedure?; If a surgical glove is punctured during a procedure
it should be replaced immediately to maintain a sterile field and prevent contamination.
322
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the surgical personnel and the patient from infection
323
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include sterile surgical gloves
non-sterile examination gloves
324
What is the correct technique for donning sterile gloves?; The correct technique for donning sterile gloves involves washing hands thoroughly
opening the glove package without contaminating the inside
325
Why is it important to change gloves during a surgical procedure?; It is important to change gloves during a surgical procedure to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
326
What should be done if a glove is punctured during surgery?; If a glove is punctured during surgery
the surgeon should immediately change the glove to maintain sterility and prevent contamination of the surgical site.
327
What is the purpose of gloving in a surgical setting?; The purpose of gloving in a surgical setting is to maintain a sterile environment
protect both the surgical personnel and the patient from infection
328
What are the types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures?; The types of gloves commonly used in surgical procedures include latex gloves
nitrile gloves
329
What is the correct technique for donning sterile gloves?; The correct technique for donning sterile gloves involves washing hands thoroughly
opening the glove package without contaminating the inside
330
Why is it important to change gloves during a surgical procedure?; It is important to change gloves during a surgical procedure to prevent cross-contamination
reduce the risk of infection
331
What should be done if a glove is punctured during surgery?; If a glove is punctured during surgery
the surgeon should immediately change the glove to maintain sterility and prevent infection.
332
What is the first step in the surgical preparation of a large animal patient?; The first step is clipping the area where the surgery will take place to remove hair and debris.
333
What is the proper technique for wiping the scrubbed skin before surgery?; Always work from the proposed incision site to the periphery.
334
What is the final antiseptic preparation step for skin before surgery?; Apply 70% Isopropyl alcohol to the skin and let it dry.
335
What should you never do to maintain a sterile field during surgery?; Never turn your back on a sterile surface.
336
How should arms and hands be positioned to maintain a sterile field?; Arms and hands should remain above the waist and below the shoulder.
337
What is the proper way to handle materials to maintain sterility?; Lift up materials; do not drag them over the edges of containers.
338
What should be done if contamination occurs during a surgical procedure?; Stop and correct the situation immediately.
339
What is a precaution regarding conversation during surgery?; Keep conversation to a minimum during surgery.
340
How should sterile instruments be positioned in relation to the surgical table?; Sterile instruments should never be below the edge of the surgical table.
341
What should be done to keep sterile surfaces during surgery?; Keep all sterile surfaces dry.
342
What should be avoided to maintain a sterile field regarding movement?; Avoid excessive movement during surgery.
343
What should be avoided regarding the shaking of materials during surgery?; Avoid shaking of gowns
towels
344
What should you do with your hands if waiting during surgery?; Clasp hands in front of your body above the waist.
