Lech Final

Question 1

Metamorphism

Answer 1

“change form”

A process that leads to change in the mineralogy, texture, and sometimes chemical composition of the parent rock

Question 2

Mineralogy

Answer 2

(mineral constituents of a rock) changes because of the rock is subjected to new conditions, usually elevated temp. and pressures.

Question 3

Metamorphic Grade

Answer 3

the degree to which a parent rock changes during metamorphism

Question 4

recrystallization

Answer 4

the formation of new mineral grains that tend to be larger than the original grains.

Question 5

confining pressure

Answer 5

analogous to water pressure, in which the forces are applied equally in all directions.

Question 6

differential stress

Answer 6

forces that squeezes a rock mass as if it were placedin a vise.

Question 7

foliation

Answer 7

any planar (nearly flat) arrangement of mineral grains or crystals within a rock.

Question 8

rock cleavage

Answer 8

rocks that split into thin slabs when hit with a hammer.

Question 9

slaty cleavage

Answer 9

Rock cleavage develops in various metamorphic rocks but is best displayed in slates that exhibit and excellent splitting property.

Question 10

schistosity

Answer 10

When these platy minerals are large enough to be discernible with the unaided eye, the exhibit planar or layered structures.

Question 11

gneissic texture or gneissic banding

Answer 11

notice that the dark biotite and amphibole crystals and light silicate minerals have separated, giving the rock a banded appearance.

Question 12

nonfoliated

Answer 12

metamorphic rocks that do not exhibit foliated textures.

Question 13

porphyroblastic textures

Answer 13

develop I a wide range of rock types and metamorphic environments when minerals in the parent rock recrystallize to form a new mineral.

Question 14

thermal metamorphism

Answer 14

occurs in Earth’s upper crust (low pressure), when rocks immediatly surrounding a molten igneous body are “baked” (high temp.)

Question 15

metamorphic aureole

Answer 15

the altered rocks occur in a zone called (this)

Question 16

hydrothermal metamorpism

Answer 16

when hot, ion-rich water circulates through pore spaces or fractures in rock, a chemical alteration…

Question 17

burial metamorphism

Answer 17

occur were massive amounts of sedimentary or volcanic material accumulate in a subsiding basin such as the gulf of mex.

Question 18

subduction zone metamorphism

Answer 18

someto

Question 19

regional metamorphism

Answer 19

a common, widespread type of metaphism typically associated with mountain building, where lard segments of eatrh’s crust are intensely deformed by the collision of teo continental blocks.

Question 20

impact metamorphism

Answer 20

occurs when high speed- projectiles called meteorites strike earth’s surface

Question 21

index minerals

Answer 21

Index minerals are minerals used in metamorphic rocks as indicators of peak pressure and temperature.

Question 22

epicenter

Answer 22

the point on earth’s surface directly above the hypocenter

Question 23

earthquake

Answer 23

ground shaking caused by the sudden and rapid movement of one block of rock slipping past another along fractures in earths crust

Question 24

faults

Answer 24

fracture in earths crust

Question 25

hypocenter or focus

Answer 25

the location where slippage begins

Question 26

seismic waves

Answer 26

a form of energy that travels through the lithosphere and earth's interior.

Question 27

elastic rebound

Answer 27

the rock behaves elastically, much as a stretched rubber band does when it is released.

Question 28

aftershocks

Answer 28

result from crust along the fault surface adjusting to the displacment caused by the main shock.

Question 29

p wave

Answer 29

slinky

Question 30

s wave

Answer 30

rope up down

Question 31

intensity

Answer 31

how much ground shake

Question 32

magnitude

Answer 32

the amout of energy released

Question 33

ritcher scale

Answer 33

calculated by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a siesmograpgh

Question 34

liquefaction

Answer 34

transforming a somewhat stable soil into mobile material capable of rising toward earth's surface

Question 35

circumpacific belt

Answer 35

the zone of greatest seismic activitty

Question 36

crust

Answer 36

relativly thin, rocky outer skin, and there are two types: continental crust and oceanic crust.

Question 37

Mantle

Answer 37

a solid, rocky shell that extends to a depth of about 2900 kilometers

Question 38

lithosphere

Answer 38

the entire crust and uppermost mentle and forms earth's relatively cool, rigid outer shell.

Question 39

asthenosphere

Answer 39

a soft , comparatively weak layer

Question 40

continental margins

Answer 40

where the continental crust transitions to oceanic crust

Question 41

continental shelf

Answer 41

a gently sloping, submerged surface that extends from the shoreline toward the deep-ocean basin.

Question 42

continental rise

Answer 42

the continental slope merges into a more gradual incline.

Question 43

seamounts

Answer 43

submarine volcanoes

Question 44

volcanic island

Answer 44

if a volcano grows large enough before it is carried from its magma source by plate motion, structure may emerge.

Question 45

oceanic ridge

Answer 45

along well-developed divergent plate bundaries, the seafloor is elevated, forming a broad linear swell.

Question 46

rift valleys

Answer 46

along the axis of some segments of the oceanic ridge system are deep, down-faulted structures

Question 47

continental rift

Answer 47

the opening of a new ocean basin begins with the formation of a... an elongated depression along which the entire lithosphere is streched and thin.

Question 48

compression

Answer 48

push in

Question 49

tension

Answer 49

strech out

Question 50

shear

Answer 50

tear apart

Question 51

folds

Answer 51

flat-lying sedimentary strata, tabular intrusions, and volcanic rocks are bent into a series of wavelike undulations

Question 52

faults

Answer 52

form where brittle deformation leads to fracturoing and displacement of earth's crust

Question 53

isostasy

Answer 53

the concept of a floating crust in gravitational balance

Question 54

mass wasting

Answer 54

the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity.

Question 55

dendritic pattern

Answer 55

develops on relatively uniform surface materials

Question 56

rectangular pattern

Answer 56

highly jointed bedrock

Question 57

radial pattern

Answer 57

develops on isolated volcanic cones or domes

Question 58

trellis pattern

Answer 58

in areas of alternating weak and resistant bedrock

Question 59

abrasion

Answer 59

the process by which the bed and banks of bedrck channel are ceaselessly bombardedby particles carried into the flow

Question 60

dissolved load

Answer 60

in solution

Question 61

suspended load

Answer 61

in suspension

Question 62

bed load

Answer 62

by sliding, skipping, or rolling along the bottom

Question 63

cut bank

Answer 63

because the outside of a meander is a zone of active erosion

Question 64

groundwater

Answer 64

water in the zone of saturation

Question 65

gaining streams

Answer 65

streams may gain water fro the inflow of groundwater through the streambed.

Question 66

porosity

Answer 66

the quality of groundwater that can be stored depends o n...

Question 67

recharge area

Answer 67

hill area

Question 68

discharge area

Answer 68

stream in middle of two hills

Question 69

hot springs

Answer 69

one frequently used definition is that the water is a hpt s[ring

Question 70

till

Answer 70

unsorted mixtures of many particle sizes

Question 71

deflation

Answer 71

the lifting and removal of loose material

Question 72

interface

Answer 72

a common boundary where different parts of a system interact.

Question 73

turf

Answer 73

thr turbulent water created by breaking waves

Question 74

abrasion

Answer 74

erosion caused by wave impact and pressure

Question 75

wave refraction

Answer 75

the bending of waves

Question 76

beach drift

Answer 76

transport zig zag sediment across beach

Question 77

rip currents

Answer 77

concentrated movements of water that flow in the opposite direction of breaking waves.

Question 78

sea archs

Answer 78

two cave become a big arch

Question 79

albedo

Answer 79

the fraction of the total radiation

Question 80

sunspots

Answer 80

darkest spots