lect 18 drugs cosmetics Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
first cosmeceutical to treat male baldness
A
minoxidil
2
Q
drug in toothpaste to prevent tooth decay
A
fluoride
3
Q
sebaceous gland located where
A
located beside hair follicles , secretes sebum that lubricates surface of skin
4
Q
main difference with regards to skin to individuals
A
chemical structure of melanin
5
Q
produce melanin and insert it in keratinocytes
A
melanocytes
6
Q
what happens in sunburn with melanocytes
A
melanocytes increase production and insertion of melanin
7
Q
sunburn is the reaction to what
A
UV injury
8
Q
what cells have a fast turnover and continuously repair itself and replace deficits
A
skin cells
9
Q
skin structure is adapted to what
A
to the location. for example, skin behind ears is thin and can absorb compounds like putting patches to prevent motion sickness
10
Q
patches of abnormal skin condition
A
psoriasis
11
Q
psoriasis is a thickened layer of what
A
of keratinocytes with plaque
12
Q
drugs to treat acne and psoriasis (4)
A
topical such as corticosteroids and vitamin D3.
systematic like retinoids
phototherapy like UV light
biological like monoclonal antibodies (last set of choice)
13
Q
what is caused by an allergic reaction to certain drugs. easy suffering of sunburns at low exposures
A
photosensitivity
14
Q
what drugs can cause photosensitivity (5)
A
antibiotics, diuretics, antipsychotics, NSAIDS, herbal mixtures
15
Q
tanning is a reaction to what
A
reaction to injury cause by UV light (its carcinogenic) more melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes
16
Q
UV light is made of what
A
UVA and UVB in 290-400nm range
17
Q
which UV light penetrates deeper
A
UVA
18
Q
UVB penetration
A
cannot penetrate as deep as UVA but exposure is greater
19
Q
eye damage from UV
A
UV can damage eyes and cause cataracts
20
Q
tanning increases risk of what deadliest skin cancer
A
melanoma risk increased by 59% with tanning beds
21
Q
photaging
A
back of neck is vulnerable to UV exposure. damage causes skin to turn red and very wrinkled
22
Q
skin cancer that can be removed before the carcinoma becomes larger
A
basal cell carcinoma
23
Q
skin cancer that leads to death
A
melanoma
24
Q
protects skin from UV light damages
A
sunscreen
25
measure of efficacy from suncreen
SPF
26
what is broad spectrum
spf 15-30 suncreen that blocks both UVA and UVB
27
when do we experience greater uv exposure
during swimming and skiing because snow and water reflect up to 85% of UV radiation
28
retinoids are used for what
acne treatment
29
what problems occur in acne (4)
1. occlusion of the pilosebaceous duct where hair follicles normally come out
2. bacterial colonisation in the duct, releasing inflammatory mediators
3. increased sebum secretion
4. inflamed sebaceous gland . in severe cases the comedo may rupture and release contents into the dermis
30
what is sebum
lubricant that lubricates the hair shaft and hair to keep it shiny and lubricate skin and scalp.
31
stages of acne (abnormal keratynocytes)
normal hair follicles, oxidized sebum, trapped sebum, bacteria+leukocytes
32
what happens at oxidized sebum stage
duct blocked, sebum accumulates at surface of open pore and oxidizes to form balck heads. bacteria in there
33
trapped sebum stage of acne
sebum trapped below surface of skin and forms whiteheads, contains bacteria and leukocytes. closed comedo
34
bacteria and leukocytes stage
bacteria accumulates in sebum, attracts white blood cells. mixture of bacteria, leukocytes and sebum
35
severe cases of comedo (last stage of acne)
comedo ruptures and spread to become larger. forms inflamed red circle around original site. bump on surface
36
what is hyperkeratosis
acummulation of keratin and sebum. bacteria proliferates, inflammation, rupture
37
cystic acne characteristics
usually treated before gets extremed
acne treated with trial and error because no animals get acne
androgens especially testosterone cause sebum increase during puberty so males more vulnerable
38
4 hallmarks of acne
increased sebum, increased keratin, increased bacteria and inflammation
39
four targets to reduce acne
1. normalize follicular keratinization
2. reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systematically
3. inhibit sebaceous gland
4. decreased inflammation
40
comedogenesis
too much keratin
41
1. normalize follicular keratinization
stops plugging of follicles
| topical retinoids, accutane (systematic retinoid)
42
2. reduce bacteria, antibiotics topically or systematically
benzoyl peroxide, antibiotics
| retinoids ex. isotretinoin
43
3. inhibit sebaceous gland (5)
accutane, hormonal therapy, OCs
retinoids
contraceptives
44
4. decreased inflammation (4)
corticosteroids, NSAIDS, antibiotics, retinoids
45
drugs that normalize comedogenesis
regulate keratinocyte turnover.
| tretinoin, benzoyl peroxide, isotretinoin, sulfur, azelaic acid
46
drugs with antibacterial effects (3)
antibiotics, isotretinoin, benzoyl peroxide
47
drugs that inhibit sebaceous gland functions (4)
antiandrogens (spironolactone)
corticosteroids (oral, in low doses)
estrogen (low dose)
isotretinoin (indirect effect)
48
drugs with anti inflammatory effects (4)
NSAIDS
antibiotics
corticosteroids
retinoids
49
vitamin A derivatives
retinoids
50
retinoids act how
act as hormones and alter gene expression
51
retinoids have major role in what
cellular differentiation
| cells in fetus and cells continuously turning over in adults are particularly affected
52
natural retinoids
retinol, retinaldehyde, all trans retinoic acid
53
synthetic retinoids
aromatic compounds
54
1st generation retinoids
retinol, retinoic acid
| tretinoin also called retino-A
55
2nd generation retinoids
etretinate and acitretin
| synthetic: less toxic, more selective
56
3rd generation retinoids
arotinoid
57
retinoid that is very effective
tretinoin cream and adapalene (differin)
58
is retinol water soluble?
its water insoluble. has to bind to proteins to be transported within circulation or within a cell. bound to retinol binding protein for movement. interacts with retinol receptor, frees itself from the binding protein and enters cell
59
where does retinol bind inside cell and its converted to what
bound to cellular retinoid binding protein and then converted to retinaldehyde and then retinoic acid by cytoplasmic enzymes
60
what happens to retinoic acid in cell
binds to retinoic acid binding protein to be taken to nucleus
61
retinoic acids binds where in nucleus and what happens
2 molecules of retinoic acid then bind to dimer receptors (RAR and RXR)
once bound, receptors dimerize and trigger retinoic acid response elements to alter gene expression
62
RAR and RXR are part of what family
nuclear hormone receptor family
63
Cis retinoids binds to what receptor
RXR
64
trans retinoids binds to what receptor
RAR
65
change in gene expression by retinoic acid binding to receptors leads to what (4)
1. decrease in sebum production and activity of keratinocytes
2. decrease in inflammation
3. change in composition of sebum, no longer fosters the overgrowth of bacteria
4. overall decrease acne
66
side effects of retinoids for pregnancy
they are teratogens even at low doses. powerfull effects first month of pregnancy.
Vitamin A affects growth of fetus.
vitamin A derivatives cannot be given to pregnant women
causes malformations of face, kidney, heart in fetus.
leads to fetal psychological and intellectual development.
67
retinoic acid (accutane) side effects
affect children. may cause GI disorders
68
isotretinoin side effect
inflammatory bowel disease in patients without prior history of intestinal disorders
69
side effects retinoid with nsaids
possible interaction producing GI tract distress
70
do humans need antibacterial soap for face
no because we produce natural bacterias present in hair follicles
71
soap can reduce what
transmission of colds
72
skin cream is a mixture of what
liquid, powder and grease to easily spread
73
problem with cream advertisements containing collagen and elastin
humans cannot absorb collagen and elastin
74
are cosmeceuticals safe?
trace metals: found in small quantities
if skin barrier damages may get more absorption
Phthalates: perfumes, lotions, nail polish, hair care producs
75
higher doses risk for cosmeceuticals (5)
could be carcinogenic leading to endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, immunotoxicity and allergies, low sperm count
76
what is extemely immune disrupting
parabens
77
extracted from plants cosmetics problem
plants made of chemical only for plants and not made for skin
78
cold sores are caused by what
reactivation of herpes virus a DNA virus
79
herpus virus phamacokinetics
after first infection, herpes virus goes into nerve ending in face and lives in trigeminal ganglion in latent form.
triggered by stress, other diseases.
when reactivated, virus comes back down through nerve ending and causes lesion in area of skin.
80
why is being immunocompromised bad with herpes
immune system recognizes it and contains it
81
two herpes virus
herpes simplex and genital herpes
82
drug effective against herpes simplex
acyclovir
| inhibits viral proliferation
83
what inhibits viral DNA polymerase for herpes
acycloGTP
virus cannot reproduce and thus cannot cause damage nor spread
may cause chain termination
84
melanocytes do what for hair
insert pigment into hair
85
what gives goose bumps
arrector pili muscle
86
different layers of hair
cuticle (dead cells), cortex and medulla
87
where is the only live cells of hair located
located at base of follicle under skin surface
88
where do cells of hair grow
matrix
89
what projects from the surface in hair
the hair shaft
90
what initiates growth of new follicles of hair
stem cells along side of hair shafts
91
what makes macrofibrils
microfibrils made of protofibrils wound together
92
hair retains what
moisture
93
phase where follicle usually grows for 2-6 years
anagen active growth phase
94
phase couple of weeks where hair stops growing and starts to involute at base 1-2 weeks
catagen or transition phase
95
5-6 weeks phase where hair is ready to fall out
telogen or resting phase
96
how does higher level of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy affect hair
leads to hair cells to stay in the anagen phase so they keep growing
97
hair is most likely to be damaged where
at the distal end than the proximal end
98
what can damage hair
sun, backcombing, chlorine (damages cuticle creating buldges), heat damage, bleaching (damages shaft)
99
what do you have to break to go from one hair texture to another
hydrogen bonds
| use medium heat instead of hot
100
what does not damage hair
hair spray (hair lacquer)
101
bonds in hair
keratin is in the cortex of the hair with hydrogen bonds (weaker) and disulfide bonds (stronger)
102
wetting the hair makes what bonds come apart temporarly
hydrogen bonds
103
what bonds are broken for permanent curling/straightening
disulfide bonds using chemicals
104
how does hair pigment starts and how do we produce different colors of hair
tyrosine--> dopa--> dopaquinone-->eumelanin or pheomelanin
from tyrosine, we can create different pigments, different melanins and inserted in the hair shaft.
from there, sligh modifications of the basic structure occur to give different melanin varieties therefore different colors
105
pigments, different melanins of hair inserted where
into the hair shaft
106
melanin is made where and inserted where for hair
made at the base and inserted in hair
107
how does sun and peroxide act on hair
cause damage on melanin causing a structural shift and a change in refraction of light and color
108
unlikely way to go about changing the color of your hair
transcellular diffusion
109
how do surface dyes not damage hair
does not get into the cortex because layer of cuticle (condensed keratin)
110
temporary dye
dye sits on cuticle
111
semi-permanent dye
mostly on cuticle, some permeates cortex
112
permanent dye
in the ventral shaft and cuticle raised to get dye into core
113
bleach dye
destruction of natural hair color pigments and cuticle raised
114
in males with baldness, terminal hairs are replaced by what
vellus (soft, little thin hairs)
115
what is used to treat baldness
rogaine minoxidil
116
how does minoxidil work
increases follicular size and prolongs anagen phase of hair growth
117
another method for treating baldness
transplantation, pluds of hair from the back of the head are transplanted to the bald patch. new hair is sparse but permanent
118
first drug to be used exclusively for cosmetic reasons
minoxidil
119
drug for baldness that alters 5alpha-reductase
finasteride (propecia)
120
how does finasteride work (systematic treatment)
blocking 5-alpha reductuse blocks conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, baldness can be prevented
121
when is finasteride more efficient
used before baldness starts
122
why should finasteride not be used by women
it is teratogenic for male fetus
123
baldness is induced by what
testosterone
124
fluoride prevent what
cavity and gingivitis
125
what can result in tooth discoloration for some people
their mother taking tetracycline during pregnancy
126
compounds in toothpaste for whitening
abrasive 20% and fluoride 24%
127
what can cause gum growing over teeth (gingival hyperplasia)
phenytoin therapy used to treat seizures
128
fluoride is naturally found where
various food and sources of water
129
fluoride used by poor families
fluoride added in water reduced cavities in poor children because cannot afford dentist
130
fluoride strenghthens what in teeth
the mineral lattice against bacterial erosion
131
mild overdose of fluoride leads to what
white spots on teeth
132
severe overdose of fluoride causes what
fluorosis but at very large doses normally not found in water
133
how many people have gum disease
3 out of 4
134
what disease makes it susceptible to bacteria and bacteria growth around teeth that loosens the base
periodontal disease
135
name of inflammation of gingiva
gingivitis (swollen gum)
136
how to treat gingivitis
use mouthwash and toothpase containing active ingredient phenol. phenol interefres with bacteria
