Lect 2- History

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

HYPOTHETICO-DEDUCTIVE PROCESS
observe 
question 
form hypothesis 
testable predictions 
gather data
refine/alter
back to devo testable prediction then finally theory!

Question 2

Proximate Vs. Ultimate Questions

Answer 2

Proximate: Immediate cause of trait, behavior (molecular, chemical mech, etc.)

Ultimate: How trait, behavior came to be over time (historical, evolutionary forces)

Question 3

Essentialism

Answer 3

• Plato/Aristotle EDIOS
• everything had a transcendental form
• variation is accident
• 424-322 BC

Question 4

Scala Naturae

Answer 4

• higher and lower forms of life
• creationism is an ordered plan
• order better than disorder
• creater made everything perfect TF no change over time

Question 5

System Naturae

Answer 5

Framework of modern classification by Carolus Linneaus

Question 6

Uniformitarianism

Answer 6

• James Hutton and Charles Lyell
• “present is key to past”
• influenced Darwin
• 1726-1875

Question 7

Lamark

Answer 7

• 1st coherent model of evo
• spp constantly being generated TF some spp older and more developed
• spontaneous generation from non-living matter - start at bottom of chain of being
• inheritability of acquired traits (strongly exercised organs got more “nervous fluid” and developed more)
• wrong but now seen in epigenetics

Question 8

John Gould

Answer 8

• noticed mocking birds from neighboring islands were different spp
• influenced D regarding different spp evolved from one ancestor

Question 9

Thomas Malthus

Answer 9

• if human pop growth faster than food production = famine

- influenced D regarding “struggle for existance”

Question 10

Natural Selection

Answer 10

superior features survive and reproduce more successfully than inferior features

Question 11

Evolution

Answer 11

if inherited, then average character can be changed over time

Question 12

Alfred Russell Wallace

Answer 12

sent D manuscript on natural selection but D had more evidence

Question 13

Darwin’s Evo Theory

Answer 13

EVOLUTION- characteristics of lineages change over time
COMMON DESCENT- all life w/o exception descended from one or a few original forms
GRADUALISM- incremental over time
POPULATION CHANGE- Evolution from changes in proportions of individuals in populations
NATURAL SELECTION- changes in proportions of individuals in populations due to ability to survive and reproduce bc more fit for environment

Question 14

Mendel

Answer 14

PARTICULATE INHERITANCE

pea pod experiments to prove that traits are inherited by particles over time, not blending “fluids” 1865

Question 15

Modern Synthesis

Answer 15

Darwinian Evo Theory reconciled with genetics, paleontology

Question 16

Population Genetics

Answer 16

Haldane, Fisher, Seawal Wright ID mutation raw material for natural selection