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259 - physiology > lect9: guyton chapter 18 > Flashcards

lect9: guyton chapter 18 Flashcards

1
Q

regulation of perpheral blood flow is a dual control of what type

A

extrinsic, intrinsinc

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2
Q

extrinsic regulationship of peripheral blood flow is controlled primarily by what

A

nervous system and homrones

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3
Q

intrinsic regulationship of peripheral blood flow is controlled primarily by what

A

controlled locally in the tissues

controlled by the conditions in the immediate vicinity of the blood vells

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4
Q

extrinsic control is done locally

A

flase

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5
Q

extrinsic control is.a combo of what to control BP

A

1) shortt term nerural and hormonal controls

2) long term renal reg.

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6
Q

short term neural and hormonal controls counteract what

A

Counteract fluctuations in blood pressure by altering peripheral resistance and cardiac output

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7
Q

long term renal regulation conteracts what

A

counteracts fluctatuion in BP by altering blood volume

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8
Q

which extrinsic conrtol alters blood volume

A

long term renal

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9
Q

which extrinsic control alterls peripheral resistnace and cardiac output

A

short term neural and hormonal controls

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10
Q

neural controls regulate via what

A

via autoonomic nervous system

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11
Q

neural control allows for slow or rapid arteiral pressure control

A

rapid contol (w/i seconds in response to ext stim)

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12
Q

neural controls maintain MAP by doing what

A

altering blood vessel diamter

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13
Q

according to neural controls, if there is a low blood volume what happens to the vessels

A

all vessels constricted except those to heart and brain (because they are essential)

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14
Q

neural controls alter blood distribution to organs in response to what

A

specific demands

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15
Q

true or false; neural controls act by increasing or decreasing pumping actiivty of the heart

A

increasing

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16
Q

SNS is is important in control of

A

ccirculation.

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17
Q

PNS system is important in regulating what

A

heart function

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18
Q

which nervous system is important for controlling circualtion

A

SNS

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19
Q

which nervous system is imporant in regulating heart fucntion

A

PNS

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20
Q

where does the PNS innervation

A

near SA and VA node (effects HR)

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21
Q

what does the SNS innervation

A

the heart and blood vessels (increases HR and contractiility)

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22
Q

sympathtietic nerve fibers innervate all vessels except

A

capillaries and precapilly sphincts and some metarterioles.

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23
Q

eexplain why sphincts are not innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers

A

they are effected by metabolites, oxygen etc which means itt will constrict or dilate depending on that response
-regulate blood a tlocal level

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24
Q

Innervation of small arteries and arterioles allow sympathetic nerves to BLANK

A

increase vascular resistance.

leads to vasoconstinction=increase resistnace

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25
Q

large veins and heart are innervated by what

A

SNS nerves

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26
Q

what are the 3 ways the nervous system can increase arterial pressure within seconds

A

constricting almost all arterioles of the body which increases total peripheral resistance

constricting large vessels of the circulation thereby increasing venous return and cardiac output

directly increasing cardiac output by raising heart rate and contractility

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27
Q

Rapid (5 – 10 sec) increases in arterial pressure can occur when

A

during exercise or with fight/flight.

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28
Q

what controls the dilation and contraction (besides sphincs)

A

the vasomotor center (VMC)

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29
Q

what does the VMC transmit

A

transmits impulses downward through the cord to almost all blood vessels.

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30
Q

where is the VMC located

A

VMC is located bilaterally in the reticular substance of the medulla and the lower third of the pons.

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31
Q

the VMC is composed of 3 areas, what are they

A

The VMC is composed of a vasoconstrictor area, vasodilator area, and sensory area.

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32
Q

true or falose; VMC is the highest center of control of excitatory and inhibition

A

Many higher centers of the brain such as the hypothalamus can exert powerful excitatory or inhibitory effects on the VMC

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33
Q

what is it called when the Vasoconstrictor area of VMC transmits signals continuously to sympathetic nerve fibers

A

called sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone.

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34
Q

the signals sent continuously to sympathetic nerve fibers (sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone). main what

A

These impulses maintain partial state of contraction in blood vessels called vasomotor tone.

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35
Q

true or false, the vessels are always constantly under vasocontstircor tone

A

true

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36
Q

what do the lateral portions of the VMC control and how

A

Lateral portions of VMC controls heart activity by increasing heart rate and contractility.

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37
Q

what do the medial portions of the VMC control and how

A

Medial portion of VMC transmits signals via vagus nerve to heart to decrease heart rate.

38
Q

The VMC comtrols vessel fucntion (diltate and constrict) by using whtat

A

neurotramistters

39
Q

explain how vVMC affects vessel function at the local level

A

Sympathetic nerve endings release almost exclusively norepinephrine (alpha adrenergic receptors).
=lead to vasocontriction nad decrease bloof fvessel diamter

40
Q

explain how vVMC affects vessel function at the systemic level

A

Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which constricts blood vessels via alpha adrenergic receptors.
=slow

41
Q

true or false the local and systemic levels of VMC affect on vessel formation work in parallel

A

true

42
Q

how can epinephrine dialte vessels

A

Epinephrine can also dilate vessels through a potent Beta2 receptor.

43
Q

what are some examples of tissues tat use epinephrin for vasodilation

A

skeletal msucle

44
Q

what are osme explain of tissues that use epinephrine for vasocontrsction

A

kidnyes, guts, spleen, skin)

45
Q

In some tissues (skeletal muscle), epinephrine causes vasodilation through what receptors

A

beta adrenergic receptors

46
Q

. In (kidneys, gut, spleen, skin), epinephrine leads to vasoconstriction through what recepots

A

alpha adrenergic receptors.

47
Q

true or false: Vasoconstrictor fibers are distributed throughout only cerntain segments of the circulation but with a higher concentration in certain tissues.

A

false, all over

48
Q

what reflex is imporant in short term regulation of arterial pressure

A

arterial baroreceptor relgex

49
Q

how is the arterial bararecptor initiated

A

Reflex is initiated by stretch receptors called baroreceptors or pressoreceptors.

50
Q

explain the arterial barareceptor reflex

A

A rise in pressure stretches baroreceptors and causes them to transmit signals to the VMC and feedback signals are sent via the autonomic nervous system to the circulation to reduce arterial pressure back to normal.

51
Q

baroreceprots at the carotid sinus level protect what

A

perfusion into the brain

52
Q

baroreceprots at the aortic level protect what

A

protect the cirulation and heart

53
Q

explain the relationship between BP and the arteiral baraceptors relfext

A

if there is an icnrease in BP
the arterial baroreceprors will be stretched and will increase their firing frequency to the VMC

VMC sends signals into crilation
VMC will vasodilate vessels to refuce pressure and reduce heart controactility and heart rate

54
Q

Carotid sinus baroreceptors respond to pressures between

A

60 and 180 mmHg.

55
Q

Baroreceptors respond to changes BLANK

A

arterial pressuer

56
Q

where is the barorecptove reflex more sensity

A

pressure of 100 mmHG

57
Q

As pressure increases the number of impulses from carotid sinus this results in:

A

1) inhibition of the vasoconstrictor

2) activation of the vagal center (brings BP beacuse to normal and firinng freq iqll dexreaseO

58
Q

give an example of the response of the barareceptors to pressure (like protecting brain)

A

1) constrict common carotids
2) decreae pressure at the carotid sinuses
3) arterial pressure will increase (increase firing frew to VMC, vasoconstriction, increase HR and increase contract)

59
Q

explain why arterial pressure must increase if the cartoid get clamped

A

there is a blockage therefore the heart must inrease ipressure to incrase gradient and overcome this icnreases resitance

60
Q

what is the function of the baroreceptor in term sof posteure

A

Maintains relatively constant pressure despite changes in body posture.

61
Q

explain how the barorecptors react when going from supine to standing

A

1) supine to stranding
2) decreae central blood volume (derase venous return because blood will pool in legs)
3) decrase cardiac output
4) decrease arterial pressure
5) decreae is sensed by barorepceotrs (firing freq will decrease)
6) this wil lstim the VMC which will dilate and do symptathic nervous actitivty to icrease BP

62
Q

true or false: Baroreceptors ineffective if altered blood pressure sustained

A

Baroreceptors ineffective if altered blood pressure sustained becayse fhet dapt

63
Q

what is the main function of the barorecptors.

A

Opposes either increases or decreases in arterial pressure thereby reducing daily variations in arterial pressure.

64
Q

true or false: baroreceptors are imporatnt in long term control of arterial prssure

A

false They are unimportant in long term control of arterial pressure because the baroreceptors adapt.

65
Q

true or false: chemoreceptor is a short term mechanism

A

true

66
Q

true or false: chemoreceptors are the exact same as baros

A

false, they are similarbut they repsond to chemical chagnes

67
Q

how can chemoreceptor reflexes incrase BP

A

Signaling cardioacceleratory center  increase CO

Signaling vasomotor center  increase vasoconstriction

68
Q

give an example of chemoreceptor reflex

A

if there is a change inn the chemicals in the blood (like an icnrase in waste products), the body will icnreas BP to flush away these waste products

69
Q

Chemoreceptors are chemosensitive cells sensitive to…

A

lack of O2, excess of CO2 or H+.

70
Q

where are chemoreceptors located

A

Chemoreceptors are located in carotid bodies near the carotid bifurcation and on the arch of the aorta.

71
Q

Activation of chemosensitive receptors results in what

A

excitation of the vasomotor center. (increase CO, icnrease HR, increae contractility, increase vasoconstriction)

72
Q

Chemoreceptors are not stimulated until what

A

pressure falls below 80 mmHg.

73
Q

know the diagram/grafic on page 20

A
74
Q

what is the extreme chemioreceptor

A

CNS ischemic response

75
Q

when is CNS ishcmeic repsonse is acvitated in resposne to what

A

cerebral ischemia (lack of o2 in brain)

76
Q

explain the CNS ishmic response

A

Reduced cerebral blood flow causes CO2 buildup which stimulates vasomotor center thereby increasing arterial pressure.

77
Q

true or falsep CNS Ischemic response is one of the most powerful activators of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor system.

A

true

78
Q

explain the connection between cerebral ishmia and arterial pressure

A

if there is cerebral ischemia (increase co2)

the vasomotor will cause increase in sympathic avicty and then the arterial pressure will icnrase

79
Q

when is the CNS ischemic response initiated

A

If blood flow is decreased to the vasomotor center in the lower brainstem and CO2 accumulates,

80
Q

CNS CNS ischemic response is not activated until pressure falls below

A

60

81
Q

when does greatest activattiton of CNS iscmic response occur

A

at pressure 15-20

82
Q

tru or falsel CNS ischemic repsonse help faciliate perfusion ot the heart

A

false, the brain

83
Q

the CNS is a very strong sympathiec stim which causes what

A

vasoconsctiction and cardiac accelration

84
Q

pronlongued CNS ischemia has what effect on the vasomotor center

A

depressant

85
Q

know cushin raection

A

.

86
Q

what do Low pressure receptors in atria and pulmonary arteries do

A

minimize arterial pressure changes in response to fluctuations in blood volume.

87
Q

increases in blood volume activate what

A

low pressure receptors which in turn lower arterial pressure.

88
Q

activation of low pressure recprors enhances NA and water extretion by …

A

Decreasing rate of antidiuretic hormone

- Increasing glomerular filtration rate 
- Decreasing Na reabsorption
89
Q

explain the flow of atrial and pulmonary relfexes

A

1) incrase blood volume
2) increase arterial stretch
3) increase atrial natriuretic peptide and decrease renal sympathetic acvity (blood vessels in kidneys will vasodialte)
4) increase sodium and water excretion

90
Q

what is the function of the brainbridge reflex

A

Prevents damming of blood in veins, atria and pulmonary circulation.

91
Q

how does the bainbridge relfx work

A

stretch of the atria sends signal to the VMC via vagul afferents to increase HR and contractility

92
Q

explain the flow of the brainbridge reflex

A

arterial stretch
send signals to VMC via vagal afferents
VMC will icnrease HR and contractility (ejects more blood=no draining and blood passes through heart more rapidly.

259 - physiology (21 decks)

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