Lecture 1 Flashcards
(42 cards)
What is a pneumothorax?
Presence of air in the pleural space.
What is a hemothorax?
Blood in the pleural space usually occurs with a pneumothorax.
What is a tension pneumothorax?
Air in the pleural space that does not escape. The continued increase in the amount of air shifts intrathoracic organs and increases intrathoracic pressure.
What is flail chest?
Fracture of 2 or more ribs in two or more places with loss of chest wall stability.
What is cardiac tamponade?
Blood rapidly collects in the pericardial sac, compresses the myocardium because the pericardium does not stretch and prevents the heart from pumping effectively.
What are the CM of pneumothorax?
Dyspnea, decreased movement of involved chest wall. diminished/ absent breath sounds on the affected side, hyper-resonance to percussion.
What is the CM of hemothorax?
Dypnea, diminished or absent breath sounds, dullness to percussion, shock.
What are the CM of tension pneumothorax?
Cyanosis, air hunger, violent agitation, tracheal deviation away from affected side, subcut emphysema, neck vein distention, hypers-resonance to percussion.
What are the CM of flail chest?
Paradoxical movement of chest wall, respiratory distress, associated hemothorax, pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion.
What are the CM of cardiac tamponade?
Muffled, distant heart sounds, hypotension, neck vein distension, increased central venous pressure.
What is a closed pneumothorax?
Has no associated external wounds. Most common form is spontaneous pneumothorax.
What is spontaneous pneumothorax caused by?
Caused by the rupture of blebs on the visceral pleural space.
What are the causes of closed pneumothorax?
- Injury to the lungs from mechanical ventilation
- Injury to the lungs from insertion of a subclavian catheter.
- Perforation of the esophagus
- Injury to the lungs from broken ribs
- Ruptured blebs or bullae in a pt with COPD
What is an open pneumothorax?
Occurs when air enters the pleural space through an opening in the chest wall.
What is a tension pneumothorax?
A pneumothorax with a rapid accumulation of air in the pleural space causing severely high intrapleural pressures with resultant tension on the heart and great vessels. May result from a closed/open pneumothorax.
What are the causes of hemothorax?
Chest trauma lung malignancy complications of anticoagulant therapy pulmonary embolus tearing of pleural adhesions
What is chylothorax?
The presence of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space because of a leak in the thoracic duct
What are the causes of chylothorax?
Trauma
Surgery
Malignancy
What are the CM of SMALL pneumothoraxes?
Tachycardia and dyspnea
What are the CM of BIG pneumothoraxes?
Respiratory distress, shallow rapid respirations, air hunger, decreased O2 stats, chest pain. No breath sounds in affected upon auscultation, hyper resonance present.
What are fractured ribs?
Most common type of chest injury resulting from trauma.
Ribs 5 to 10 most commonly fractured.
What are the CM of fractured ribs?
Pain at the site of injury (especially on inspiration).
Reluctancy to take deep breaths
Decreased ventilation may cause atelectasis.
What treatments are available for fractured ribs?
Pain management is the main goal so pt can breathe. Nerve blocks, NSAIDs, and opioids can be used to manage pain.
What does flail chest cause?
Causes the affected area to be sucked in during inspiration and bulge out during exhalation.
