Lecture 1

Question 1

Cardiac Output Equation

Answer 1

CO (L/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat

Question 2

Ion channels

Answer 2

Voltage-dependent membrane-imbedded proteins that pass a particular ion, usually selectively, in one direction (dependent on the electrical and chemical gradients).

Question 3

Pumps

Answer 3

ATP-dependent and voltage-independent membrane-imbedded proteins that pass usually two different species of ions, uni- or bi- directionally ( affected by chemical and electrical gradients)

Question 4

Exchangers

Answer 4

Voltage-independent and ATP-independent membrane-imbedded proteins that pass usually two different species of ions, uni- or bi- directionally ( affected by chemical and electrical gradients)

Question 5

Types of ion channels

Answer 5

Ca2+ channels (L-type and T-type)
- (long- type and transient- type)
K+ channels
Na+ channels

Question 6

Reprimed Ion Channels

Answer 6

closed but ready to be opened

Question 7

Activated Ion Channels

Answer 7

Open to allow the flow of ions through them

Question 8

Inactivated Ion Channels

Answer 8

Closed and cannot be opened