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Nutrition > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nutrition assessment?

A

Evaluation of patient’s nutritional status based on subjective and objective clinical information

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2
Q

How much do people usually underestimate on how much they eat?

A

Normal BMI: 20% underestimation
Overweight/obese BMI: 40% underestimation

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3
Q

What BMI is considered Obese?

A

> 30

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4
Q

What would we want a longer food diary?

A

It would have greater accuracy

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5
Q

What complications could occur with anemia?

A

Weakness
Dizziness
Fatigue
Palpitations

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6
Q

What complications could occur with gluten sensitivity/celiac?

A

Headaches
Fatigue
GI symptoms

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7
Q

What complications could occur with anorexia?

A

Amenorrhea
Palpitations
Weakness

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8
Q

What do you obtain in a physical exam?

A

Vital signs
Height
Weight
BMI
General appearance

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9
Q

How large does the waist circumference to be considered overweight/obese?

A

Men: ≥40 inches (102 cm)
Women: ≥35 inches (88 cm)

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10
Q

What does measuring the waist circumference help indicate?

A

Excess fat in abdominal area
(visceral adipose tissue)

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11
Q

What are the overweight/obese patients susceptible of?

A

Morbidity
DM
HLD
HTN
Cardiovascular disease

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12
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Fats

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13
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Vitamins
Minerals
Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids

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14
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, K

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15
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

B complex and C

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16
Q

When do we usually see a deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins?

A

In fat malabsorption syndromes

Examples: bariatric surgery, GI illness

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17
Q

What are the vitamin-like substances?

A

Choline
Taurine
I-carnitine
Inositol
Bioflavonoids
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme Q (CoQ)

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18
Q

What is role for Thiamine (B1)?

A

Glucose metabolism
Antioxidant
Neuro metabolism

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19
Q

What disease is associated with a Thiamine deficiency?

A

Berberi

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20
Q

What are the two types of Beriberi?

A

Wet and dry beriberi

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21
Q

What symptoms are associated with wet beriberi?

A

Cardiovascular: heart failure, cardiomegaly, edema, increased HR, SOB

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22
Q

What symptoms are associated with dry beriberi?

A

Neurologic: symmetrical sensory and motor neuropathy

Includes Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoff syndrome

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23
Q

Who are usually thiamine deficient?

A

Alcoholics
Poor/restricted diet

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24
Q

What is the role for Niacin (B3)?

A

Create NAD and NADP coenzymes

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25
Who are usually deficient in Niacin?
Alcoholics Anorexics HIV+ Malabsorption pts
26
What are symptoms of Niacin deficiency?
Pellagra (3 D's) Photosensitive dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia
27
Whats the difference between plant and meat-based niacin?
Plant-based niacin not easily used in body
28
What is the role of Pryidoxine (B6)?
Protein and neurotransmitter metabolism Gluconeogenesis
29
Who are usually deficient in pyridoxine?
Patients with CKD GI disease(IBD, celiac) Autoimmune pts
30
What medications can cause pyridoxine deficiency?
Oral contraceptives Anti-TB Theophylline L-dopa
31
What are some symptoms of pyridoxine deficiency?
Anemia Dermatitis (also stomatitis) Depression Seizures
32
What is the role of folate (B9)?
Amino acid and nucleic aid metabolism Cell division
33
Who are usually deficient in folate?
Alcoholics Poor diet (low veggies) Smokers Malabsorption patients MTHFR(Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) patients
34
What medications can cause a folate deficiency?
Trimethoprim Methotrexate Phenytoin
35
What are some symptoms of folate deficiency?
Anemia Glossitis/stomatitis GI upset Fatigue
36
What is the role of Cobalamin (B12)?
Nucleic acid metabolism Conversion of folate to active form Metabolic roles
37
Where does cobalamin not naturally occur in?
Plant-based foods
38
Who are usually deficient in cobalamin?
Vegan diet GI illness causing malabsorption Examples: Gastritis, gastric bypass, H. pylori, pernicious anemia
39
What medications can cause cobalamin deficiency?
PPIs (usually for GERD)
40
What are some symptoms of cobalamin deficiency?
Anemia Peripheral neuropathy Cognitive defects Fatigue
41
What is the function of Ascorbic acid (Vit C)?
Antioxidant Gene expression Production of proteins, collagen
42
Who are usually deficient in ascorbic acid?
Alcoholics Smokers Poor/restricted diet Dialysis
43
What are symptoms of ascorbic acid deficiency?
Scurvy Fatigue Gingivitis Poor wound healing
44
What is the function of Retinoids (Vit A)?
Component of rods and cones in retina Epithelial cell reproduction Bone/teeth/reproductive/immune function
45
Who are usually deficient in retinoids?
Those in underdeveloped countries Poor diet Fat malabsorption
46
What are symptoms of retinoid deficiency?
Night blindness Blurry vision Xerosis Keratomalacia
47
What are signs of retinoid toxicity?
Altered mental status Seizures Headaches Blurred vision
48
What is the role of calciferol (Vit D)?
Aid in absorption of Calcium in gut Receptors found throughout body
49
Who are usually deficient in Calciferol?
Low sunlight exposure Darker-skin Poor diet Renal or liver disease pts Breastfed newborns
50
What are some symptoms of calciferol deficiency?
Fatigue Bone pain Muscle weakness or cramps
51
What are signs of calciferol toxicity?
Same as symptoms of deficiencies
52
What is the role of alpha-tocopherol (VIt E)?
Antioxidant Making cell membranes
53
Who are usually deficient in alpha-tocopherol?
It is rare. Malnourished pts Fat malabsorption
54
What are symptoms of alpha-tocopherol deficiency?
Ataxia Muscle weakness Impaired vision
55
What are symptoms of alpha-tocopherol toxicity?
Bleeding Muscle weakness F/N/V
56
What is the role of Vit K?
Blood clotting Bone and kidney metabolism
57
Who are usually deficient in Vit K?
Newborns Fat malabsorption Warfarin pts
58
What are symptoms of Vit K deficiency?
Bleeding (hemorrhage) Bone malformation
59
What is the biggest difference between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic Minerals are inorganic
60
What is the difference between macro minerals and trace minerals?
Macrominerals are much more abundant in human tissues. Think of all electrolyte disorders
61
What is the role of iron?
Transport O2
62
Who are usually deficient in iron?
Plant-based diet pts Women Pts who had chronic blood loss
63
What are symptoms of iron deficiency?
Fatigue Anemia Cognitive difficulties Impaired immunity
64
What is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?
Iron
65
What is the most common nutritional deficiency in the US?
Folate
66
What is the role of Iodine?
Incorporated into thyroid hormone for metabolic function
67
Who are usually at risk for iodine deficiency?
Countries with low iodine content in soil and have no fortification
68
What are symptoms of iodine deficiency?
Thyroid goiter Pregnancy loss Infant psychomotor retardation Cretinism
69
What are the symptoms of calcium deficiency?
Neuro/MSK symptoms: Weakness AMS Muscle spasm Muscle weakness Thinned bones
70
Who are likely to be calcium deficient?
Restricted diet Malabsorption/GI disease
71
What are the symptoms of magnesium deficiency?
Same as calcium minus the thinned bones
72
Who are likely to be magnesium deficient?
Restricted diet Malabsorption/GI disease Renal disease Diuretics PPIs
73
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
74
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid Alpha-linoleic acid
75
What is synthesized from linoleum acid?
Arachidonic acid
76
Who are usually deficient in essential fatty acids?
Patients on total parenteral nutrition
77
Alcoholics are usually deficient in what?
Thiamine Niacin Folate Ascorbic Acid
78
What test do we prefer in measuring folate levels?
Serum folic acid

Nutrition (7 decks)

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