Lecture 1

Question 1

The most abundant elements of organisms:

Answer 1

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 2

The second most abundant elements of organisms:

Answer 2

ions/ salts

Question 3

The function of sulfur:

Answer 3

forms covalent bonds and are important for protein structure

Question 4

The function of phosphorus:

Answer 4

important to nucleic acid structure and function and energy metabolism

Question 5

The four major classes of macromolecules:

Answer 5

nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

Question 6

Size of one human chromosome:

Answer 6

a mass of 20 billion daltons with a length of 2 meters

Question 7

Size of one e. coli chromosome:

Answer 7

2 billion daltons

Question 8

Composition of nucleic acids:

Answer 8

4 different nucleotides (polynucleotides); adenosine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Question 9

Nucleic acids polymer type:

Answer 9

heteropolymers

Question 10

Function of nucleic acids:

Answer 10

important for storage, transmission, and expression of genetic information

Question 11

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose:

Answer 11

deoxyribose removes second ‘OH group - more stable because ‘OH can self-react and break the chain

Question 12

Size of protein:

Answer 12

smaller than DNA molecules, 10,000 to 1 million Daltons

Question 13

Protein complexity derives from:

Answer 13

a huge a variety of structures based on nucleotides or the length of the gene

Question 14

Protein polymer type:

Answer 14

biopolymer

Question 15

Composition of proteins:

Answer 15

made of chains of amino acid monomers linked together by peptide bond

Question 16

Function of protein:

Answer 16

can be structural, transport agents, transmit information, or catalyze reactions (enzymes)

Question 17

Composition of carbohydrates:

Answer 17

polymers of sugars made by joining together of monomer sugar (saccharide) units into polysaccharides

Question 18

Carbohydrates polymer type:

Answer 18

heteropolymers, can have chains of different sugar monomers, or homopolymers, can have chains of the same sugar monomers

Question 19

Carbohydrate synthesis:

Answer 19

condensation reaction, removing water

Question 20

Function of carbohydrates:

Answer 20

used for energy (starch in plants, and glycogen in animals) or are structural (cellulose)

Question 21

Determinant of carbohydrate function:

Answer 21

variation in the bonds between monomers

Question 22

Lipid polymer type:

Answer 22

macromolecules, but not polymers (made from macromolecules)

Question 23

Properties of lipids:

Answer 23

a diverse group of molecules that have a high hydrocarbon content and are insoluble

Question 24

Types of lipids:

Answer 24

triacylglycerols, phospohlipids, and cholesterol

Question 25

Function of triacylglycerols:

Answer 25

energy source

Question 26

Function of phospholipids:

Answer 26

membrane structure

Question 27

Function of cholesterol:

Answer 27

membrane component and steroid precursor

Question 28

3 major classes of organisms:

Answer 28

archaea, eubacteria (prokaryotes), eukarya (eukaryotes)

Question 29

Properties of the 3 major classes of organisms:

Answer 29

1. archaea and eubacteria (prokaryotes): unicellular 2. eukarya (eukaryotes): can be unicellular i.e. yeast or multicellular

Question 30

Organelles of prokaryotic bacterial cell:

Answer 30

cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nuclear area (nucleoid) containing, and ribosomes

Question 31

Function of nucleoid:

Answer 31

region containing the genetic material coiled up

Question 32

Function of cytoplasm:

Answer 32

fluid interior of the cells

Question 33

Function of ribosomes:

Answer 33

synthesizes proteins

Question 34

Function of plasma membrane:

Answer 34

binds cells outside of which is usually a fairly rigid **cell wall**

Question 35

Example of prokaryotic bacterial cell:

Answer 35

*Salmonella*: a rod-shaped, Gram-negative enterobacteria that causes typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and food-borne illness

Question 36

Organelles of eukaryotic animal cell:

Answer 36

smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, plasma membrane, and mitochondrion

Question 37

Size of eukaryotic animal cell:

Answer 37

10-20x larger than prokaryotes, so functions are compartmentalized into organelles

Question 38

Function of nucleus:

Answer 38

contains genetic material (chromatin) and surrounded by nuclear envelope; includes nuclear envelope, chromatin, and nucleolus

Question 39

Function of endoplasmic reticulum:

Answer 39

folded membrane where much protein synthesis happens

Question 40

Function of golgi apparatus:

Answer 40

function in secretion and transport of proteins

Question 41

Function of mitochondria:

Answer 41

structure sepcialized for oxidative metabolism

Question 42

Function of lysosomes:

Answer 42

digestive site

Question 43

Difference between plant and animal cells:

Answer 43

chloroplasts used in photosynthesis, and vacuoles for intracellular secretion, storage, excretion, and digestion

Question 44

Processes of bioinformatics:

Answer 44

1. DNA sequence analysis 2. simulations of metabolic pathways 3. computer analysis of potential drug-targets

Question 45

Genomics:

Answer 45

study of the entire genome of an organism and expression pattern of those genes

Question 46

Proteomics:

Answer 46

the study of all proteins of an organism and how those proteins interact with each other

Question 47

2-D gel electrophoresis:

Answer 47

show how the amounts of proteins can in a tissue or with a certain tissue; separates by size and charge

Question 48

Metabolomics:

Answer 48

studies variety and amount of metabolites from cellular metabolism