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PSYC 342 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

The brain and spinal cord are part of the __NS

A

CNS

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3
Q

The autonomic and somatic NS are part of the __NS

A

PNS

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4
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are contained within the (autonomic/somatic) nervous system?

A

autonomic NS

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5
Q

the autonomic NS is responsible for:

A

involuntary control of the body

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6
Q

The (para/sympathetic) system is responsible for the fight or flight response

A

sympathetic

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7
Q

The (para/sympathetic) system is responsible for resting and digesting

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

(T/F) the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are distinct and don’t interact

A

FALSE!! (ex stress can lead to ED lolz)

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9
Q

the somatic NS is responsible for:

A

movement/muscle control; sending sensory input to brain

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10
Q

(afferent/efferent) neurons carry info from sensory receptors to CNS

A

Afferent

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11
Q

(afferent/efferent) neurons carry motor info away from CNS to muscles and glands of body

A

Efferent

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12
Q

What does a coronal brain slice look like?

A

like slicing a loaf of bread

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13
Q

What does a sagittal brain slice look like?

A

vertical (perpendicular to coronal), in line w split between hemispheres (central sulcus)

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14
Q

What does a horizontal brain slice look like?

A

like if you sliced the top of your head off

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15
Q

Brain development starts with what is called the ____

A

neural tube

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16
Q

By 4 weeks, an embryo has developed which 3 broad structures of the brain?

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

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17
Q

The forebrain develops into the ___ and the _____

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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18
Q

The telencephalon divides into the ____, the ___ and the ____
The diencephalon divides into the ___ and the ___

A

cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
thalamus, hypothalamus

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19
Q

The cortex is responsible for:

A

cognitive functions (eg consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, memory)

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20
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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21
Q

The cerebral cortex is…

A

about 3mm of grey matter along edges of brain

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22
Q

Which lobe is rostral and anterior?

A

frontal

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23
Q

Which lobe is dorsal and superior?

A

parietal

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24
Q

Which lobe is caudal and posterior?

A

occipital

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25
Which lobe is medial and ventral?
temporal
26
White matter contains ____ while grey matter contains ___
axons; cell bodies
27
DTI is a newer brain imaging technique that creates images via...
looking at motility of water in brain (movement of cytosol)
28
What are the 4 key functions of the frontal lobe?
- executive functioning - motor control - emotion - language
29
What are the 3 key areas of the frontal lobe discussed in class?
- motor cortex (precentral gyrus) - prefrontal cortex - broca's area
30
Explain the case of Phineas Gage
- large iron rod through head - lesion of left frontal lobe - effects on personality and behaviour!
31
The parietal lobe contains the ____ cortex and is responsible for ____
somatosensory; processing sensory information of the body!
32
What is the cortical homunculus?
- model that shows visually # of neurons ass. w each function (huge hands, tongue, and lips) - created by Dr. Penfield!
33
The temporal lobe is responsible for ___
- processing auditory signals - important in some aspects of learning, memory, language - very integrated w limbic system!
34
The occipital lobe is responsible for ____
visual perception (damage to this area is very dangerous, was actually banned in boxing)
35
What are the 4 key parts of the limbic system?
- amygdala (fear/anxiety) - hippocampus (learning/memory) - hypothalamus (homeostasis) - thalamus (relay center)
36
The amygdala is related to...
fear/anxiety
37
The hippocampus is related to...
learning/memory
38
The hypothalamus is related to...
homeostasis -- connection w endocrine system (eg HPA)
39
The thalamus is related to...
relay center of brain
40
Describe the case of H.M.
- was having seizures so Dr decided to remove hippocampus - no more seizures, no personality change, increased IQ - BUT lost most memories from previous decades and could not form new ones! - Brenda Milner discovered his procedural memory was relatively intact - discovered distinction btw declarative/procedural memory
41
The midbrain contains the ____ and ____. It is related to...
substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) related to mood, reward and addiction
42
What are the 3 components of the hindbrain and what are their functions?
- Medulla: breathing, BP, HR - Pons: bridge btw hindbrain and rest of brain - Cerebellum: balance, coordination, procedural memory
43
What are the 3 main types of glial cells in the CNS?
- oligodendrocyte (prod. myelin sheaths, nurture and sustain env. around axons) - astrocyte (neural support, repair damage, regulate neuronal communication) - microglia (immune response, homeostasis, supporting neural function)
44
What are the names of the following glial cells in the PNS? Astrocyte (CNS): Oligodendrocyte (CNS): Microglia (CNS):
Astrocyte (CNS): Satellite cell Oligodendrocyte (CNS): Schwann cell Microglia (CNS): no diff name
45
Dendrites are the (input/output) site for neural signals
input
46
Each dendritic spine is (pre/post)synaptic to 1-2 axon terminals
POST (receives info from)
47
What is the longest projection from the soma?
axon (ends at multiple terminal buttons)
48
Terminal buttons of axons contain _____ that house ____
synaptic vesicles that house neurotransmitters
49
The watery fluid inside the soma (____) is rich in ___ and ___ and is separated from the outside by the neuronal membrane
CYTOSOL; salt and potassium
50
(T/F) neuron cell bodies contain same organelles as all animal cells
TRUE
51
The nucleus is contained with a double membrane called the ____
nuclear envelope (full of pores)
52
How do genes for protein assembly get transcribed in the nucleus?
- RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase and processed into mRNA - mRNA carries genetic instructions for protein assembly from nucleus to cytoplasm thru pores in nuclear envelope
53
What are the 4 key types of proteins embedded in the neuron cell membrane?
- Ion channels (facilitates nerve impulse transmission) - Transporters (mvmt of molecules/ions across membrane) - Receptors (bind to specific neurotransmitters/signaling molecules to initiate cellular response) - Enzymes (catalyze chem rxns crucial for cell function)
54
At resting potential, the inside of a neuron is more (pos/neg) than the outside
NEGATIVE
55
At resting potential, the NaK pump uses energy via ____ to pump __Na+ ions (in/out) and __K+ ions (in/out)
energy via ATP 3 Na+ ions OUT 2 K+ ions IN **keeps inside more negative bc more positive ions are going out than in
56
During an action potential, the membrane becomes (pos/neg) charged
POSITIVELY
57
The __ and __ of action potentials constitutes the code used by neurons to transfer info from one location to another
frequency and pattern
58
Put the steps of the action potential in order: - repolarization - resting potential - Na+ channels open - Na+ channels close - depolarization - K+ channels open - hyperpolariation - stimulus
1. resting potential 2. stimulus 3. Na+ channels open (let Na into cell) 4. Depolarization (inside gets more pos) 5. Na+ channels close 6. K+ channels open (let K out of cell) 7. Repolarization (inside gets more neg) 8. Hyperpolarization (gets more neg than resting) 9. Resting potential
59
Action potentials can occur ___x faster than the blink of an eye and lasts about __ milliseconds
100x; 2 milliseconds
60
Neurons communicate with each other through the _____
synaptic cleft! (connects axon terminal to spine on dendrite) ** action potentials cause vesicles to fuse to presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter into postsynaptic cleft via exocytosis
61
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic channels
ionotropic: typically ligand-gated ion channels, through which ions pass in response to a neurotransmitter metabotropic: require G proteins and second messengers to indirectly modulate ionic activity in neurons
62

PSYC 342 (11 decks)

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