Lecture 1 Flashcards by Carla Fernanda Piacentini Dos Santos

Q

define cytoplasm

A

the internal volume enclosed by the plasma membrane

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Q

define plasma membrane

A

the periphery of the cell, separating its contents from the surroundings

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Q

define cytosol

A

an aqueous solution, highly concentrated with enzymes and the RNA molecules that encode them, etcs., that makes up the cytoplasm

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Q

define genome

A

the complete set of genes, composed of DNA

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Q

what are the 6 simple elements that are essential to an organisms’s existence and function?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur

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Q

why are cellular organism carbon based?

A

bonding versatility

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Q

true or false? if false, correct the statement

Single bonds can rotate freely

A

true

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Q

freedom of rotation around single bonds allows for _____ _____ and different _____

A

freely interconvertible; conformations

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Q

what type of bonds do not have free rotation?

A

double bonds

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Q

what do the restricted rotation of double bonds produce?

A

isomers with different configurations

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Q

what do geometric isomers need to be interconverted? does anything need to break?

A

they require energy to break the double bonds

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Q

a atom that is attached to 4 different groups has a ….

A

chiral center

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Q

if a molecule is chiral it cannot be ______ on its mirror image

A

superimposable

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Q

all chiral molecules have at least how many chiral center?

A

1

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Q

find the word: something can be placed on top of another object and align exactly with it, so that no difference is noticeable

A

superimposable

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Q

what is the biggest difference between a molecule being chiral or achiral?

A

achiral molecules are superimposable

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Q

if a molecule is superimposable, it has to be ______

A

achiral

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Q

are enantiomers mirror images or not mirror images?

A

mirror images

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Q

are diastereomers mirror images or not mirror images?

A

not mirror images

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Q

what formula gives you the amount of stereoisomers based on the chiral carbons?

A

n chiral carbons gives 2^n stereoisomers

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Q

what functional group is this?

A

hydroxyl

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Q

what functional group is this?

A

methyl

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Q

what functional group is this?

A

carbonyl (ketone)

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Q

what functional group is this?

A

carboxyl

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what functional group is this?

ester

what functional group is this?

phenyl

what functional group is this?

sulfhydryl

what functional group is this?

disulfide

what functional group is this?

amino

what functional group is this?

phosphoryl

what functional group is this?

phosphoanhydride

as an open system, what can a living organism exchange with its surroundings?

matter and energy

where do organisms derive energy from?

their surroundings

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

conservation of energy i.e. energy cannot be created or destroyed but can change forms

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

the entropy of the universe increases

what is entropy?

a measure of a system's disorder or randomness

what state will a spontaneous process proceed towards?

one with the least potential energy

does the disorder in the universe increase or decrease in a spontaneous process?

increase

what does thermodynamics ultimately tell us?

if a reaction is possible and whether it will occur spontaneously

does the building of organisms require energy?

yes

how is Gibbs free energy defined?

usable energy content of a biological system

match the word to the definition enthalpy entropy measure of disorder heat content of the system

entropy - measure of disorder enthalpy- heat content of the system

what must be the overall charge in free energy for a process to occur?

negative

true or false? if false, correct the statement free energy of the reactants must be greater than the free energy of the products

false; Free energy of the products must be less than the free energy of the reactants

fill in the blanks

fill in the blanks

as the volume of a substance increases so must its....

entropy

entropy is a function of ...

concentration

true or false? if false, correct the statement The free energy change of a chemical reaction depends on the concentrations of reactants and products

true

what are three main points about a reaction being at equilibrium?

1. rate of product formation equals the rate at which product is converted to reactant 2. no net change in [ ] of reactants 3. equilibrium does not mean that the [ ] of reactants and produsts are =

what two things does a reaction's free energy change depend on?

1. a constant term dependent only on the reaction itself 2. a variable term dependent on the concentration of reactants and products

fill in the blank:

what does delta G tell us?

which direction and how far a reaction must go to reach equilibrium when initial concentrations of each component is 1.0M

delta G is a function of ..... and measures the ....

a function of the actual concentrations of reactants and the temperature; a measure of the distance from equilibrium

important formula to know

fill in the blank:

what are two ways we can drive unfavorable reactions to occur?

1. you can make an unfavorable reaction favorable by adjusting the concentrations of reactants and products 2. couple endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions

are endergonic reactions favorable or unfavorable?

unfavorable

are exergonic reactions favorable or unfavorable?

favorable

molecules that differ in configuration cannot be:

chiral centers that can be interchanged by the rotation of a single bond

what does a large (>> 1) Keq mean?

the formation of products is favored at equilibrium

what are hydrogen bonds the result of?

the attraction between the oxygen atom of 1 h2O molecule and the hydrogen atom of another h2O molecule

true or false? if false, correct statement h2o molecules are in continuous motion a and hydrogen bonds are randomly breaking and forming

true

N-H, O-H are common H bonds. what atom formed to hydrogen doesn't form hydrogen bonds?

C-H

which of these structures show a strong and weaker hydrogen bond? what detail make one stronger than the other?

hydrogen bond geometry affects bond strength

what are the two types of bonds in biochemistry?

covalent and noncovalent

what do atoms in a covalent bond do?

share electrons

hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions are all examples of what type of bond?

noncovalent bonds

what are five types of noncovalent bonds?

hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions

true or false? if false, correct statement Non-covalent interactions are individually strong but weak in large numbers

false; Non-covalent interactions are individually weak but strong in large numbers

what type of molecules are hydrophilic, soluble in water and charged or able to H bond

polar molecules

what types of molecules are hydrophobic and insoluble in water

nonpolar molecules

what types of molecules contain both polar and nonpolar components?

amphiphilic

what type of compound is oil?

nonpolar

what type of compound is cholesterol?

amphiphilic

what happens in the hydrophobic effect?

it drives the nonpolar components to cluster away from the water and effectively increases the amount of disordered water

what is one thing the affects the structure and activity of biological molecules?

pH

the product of [H+] and [OH-] in any solution must be equal to _____

10^-14

neutral solution = [H+]=[OH-]= ___

10^-7

Acidic solution =[H+] > ____

10^-7

Basic solution = [H+] < _____

10^-7

changes in the [_____`] are balanced by changes in the [____]

[H+]; [OH-]

what defines pH?

the concentration of hydrogen ions

pH= -log [___]

[H+]

pOH= -log [___]

OH-

pH + pOH = ___

14

between acids and bases, which are the proton (H+) donors?

acids

between acids and bases, which are the proton (H+) acceptors?

bases

____ acids and bases --- _____ completely

strong; ionize

weak acids and bases don't dissociate completely in _____

h2O

tendecy of an acid to lose its proton is defined as ....

Keq or Ka

true or false? if false, correct the statement The larger the acid’s Ka, the smaller it’s pKa

true

true or false? if false, correct the statement the stronger the tendency to lose a proton- The weaker the acid

false; the stronger the tendency to lose a proton- The stronger the acid

defined buffer

aqueous systems that resist changes in pH when small amounts of acids (H+) or bases (OH-) are added

the flat zone around the pKa of a solution is the _______

buffering region

why are buffers important in biological systems?

-various aspects of biological systems work best at well-defined pH -buffers help maintain pH within well-defined ranges

what is the Henderson- Hasselbalch equation?

what in our body have optimum pH range for function and if they don't function, reactions are slow and the organism dies?

enzymes