Lecture 1 Flashcards
(50 cards)
What is the difference between digitigrade and plantigrade?
*Digitigrade
Animals that walk on their toes (DISTAL PHALANX and edge of MIDDLE PHALANX in all CATS AND DOGS)
Metacarpals/metatarsals, carpal/tarsal bones do not touch the ground when walking.
*Plantigrade
Walking with toes and metacarpals/metatarsals touching the ground (humans, bears)
What are the name of the bones covered?
Observe the felzion and extension areas of the thoracic and pelvic limb
What joints are slightly overextended in the dog and cat when standing?
- Metacarpophalangeal joint
- Distal interphalangeal joint
What parts belong to the peripheral nervous system (nerves outside of brain and spinal cord)?
(1. Sensory Nerves: These carry information from your senses to brain
2.Motor Nerves: These send signals from the brain to your muscles, telling them when to move.)
UNDER MOTOR:
Somatic nervous System: controls voluntary movements. (SPINAL AND CRANIAL NERVES)
-Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary movements (SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMPATHETIC)
*Sympathetic: “Fight or Flight”
Response:
Effects: It speeds up your heart rate, increases blood flow to muscles, dilates your pupils, and slows down non-essential functions like digestion. This prepares your body to react quickly.
*Parasympathetic: “Rest and Digest”
Effects: It slows down your heart rate, promotes digestion, and relaxes your muscles. This allows your body to recover and conserve energy.
where are the sympathetic nerve cell bodies located?
thorocolumbar Spinal cord
(C8-L2)
Where are the parasympathetic nerve cell bodies located?
Brain and sacral spinal cord
(S2-S5)
What parts of the CNS do not house cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system?
C1-C7
L3-L5
The sympathetic (fight or flight) system also increases blood pressure by ________
CONSTRICTING BLOOD VESSEL
** must travel to all areas of the body to constrict blood vessels**
The ___________ allows for coordination between sympathetic and parasympathetic responses, enabling the body to balance stress responses and relaxation.
vagosympathetic trunk
What is the difference between grey and white matter?
-Grey matter – houses cell bodies of neurons, dendrites, synapses
White matter – mainly fiber tracts connecting parts of brain, also to/from spinal cord
**Inversion of grey /white matter in brain compared to spinal cord
What are the parts of the spinal cord highlighted in relation to the vertebra?
What are the parts of the spinal cord highlighted?
What’re the tracks that dorsal and ventral roots follow?
Dorsal root – sensory afferent information from periphery to spinal cord
Ventral root – motor efferents from spinal cord to peripheral structures
the spinal nerve carries both __________ fibers.
sensory and motor
What branches does the Brachial plexus consist of?
ventral spinal branches
(C5/6-T1/2)
Where are the cell bodies located of the cranial nerves?
Brain
how many cranial nerves are there?
12
where does the Cranial nerve XI originate? what is its other name? AND what muscles does it innervarte?
BOTS
- Brachiocephalicus muscle
-Omotransversarious muscle
-Trapezius muscle
-Sternocephalicus muscle
What is the lymphatic system?
Serves as adjunct to venous system to return fluids to circulatory system.
Given that blood capillaries pass fluid into the intracellular space:
-Lymphatic collecting ducts can remove this intracellular fluid
-Lymph nodes (filters)
-Eventually this fluid enters the great veins of heart
Adjunct to venous system AND part of immune system
what is the importance of the lymphatic system?
ENLARGEMENT of nodes can be indicative of INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE OR CANCER
-If lymphatics CAN’T handle excess tissue FLUID this can lead to EDEMA
what are the lymph nodes shown
-Superficial cervical lymph nodes (“prescapular”)
-Axillary lymph nodes
** NOT shown but remember that the tracheal lymph duct connects the lymph nodes
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the limbs (including scapula and pelvis)
Axial Skeleton:
Skull, vertebral bodies, bony ribs, sternum, hyoid apparatus
