Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the two cell types that make up the nervous system?

Answer 1

1) neurons
2) glia

Question 2

what is the main function of a neuron vs a glia cell?

Answer 2

neuron = signaling
glia = support

Question 3

How many neurons are estimated to be in the brain?

Answer 3

100 billion

Question 4

What are 4 main parts of a mammalian neuron?

Answer 4

1) cell body
2) axon
3) axon hillock/axon initial segment
4) dendrites/ dendritic spines

Question 5

the shape and size of the neurons ____________________ are unique to different cells

Answer 5

projections

Question 6

____________ receive info, while __________________ send info

Answer 6

dendrites receive
axons send

Question 7

what is the signal integrator?

Answer 7

axon hillock

Question 8

what provides insulation for neurons

Answer 8

myelin sheath

Question 9

each neuron can form thousands of synapses with other neurons at _______________________ _________________.

Answer 9

dendritic spines

Question 10

Dendritic spines are _______________

Answer 10

dynamic (can move)

Question 11

Perikarya size is poor indication of ___________________

Answer 11

total cell volume

Question 12

neurites occupy a greater percentage of cell surface area than the ______________.

Answer 12

soma

Question 13

neurons only have one axon, but what is an exception to this?

Answer 13

Golgi cell of cerebellum

Question 14

level of branching of dendrites is good indication of ___________________________________________ (___________________)

Answer 14

how many connections cells make (functionality)

Question 15

are neurons cells?

Answer 15

YES

Question 16

What are some components of a neuron that are commonly found in other cells?

Answer 16

• rough ER
• golgi complex
• lysosome
• smooth ER
• nucleolus
• microtubules
• mitochondria
  -nucleus
• ribosomes

Question 17

_________________ always dictates function. What structure for this?

Answer 17

structure
cytoskeleton

Question 18

neurotubules/neuronal microtubules are made of _____________________ and they associate with molecular motors for molecular transport of ______________, ______________, etc.

Answer 18

tubulin
synapses, mitochondria

Question 19

____________________________ are almost always in axons and rare in _______________________.

Answer 19

neurofilaments (neuronal intermediate filaments)

dendrites

Question 20

what form a meshwork in axons and bundles in cell body?

Answer 20

neurofilaments

Question 21

actin microfilaments are super tiny and change shape when __________________. They are dynamic and form a network under membrane of ENTIRE neuron.

Answer 21

signaling

Question 22

actin microfilaments are heavily concentrated in _______________________

Answer 22

dendritic spines

Question 23

What are the 3 types of glia cells?

Answer 23

1) macroglia (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)
2) microglia
3) ependymal cells

Question 24

What are composed of a lot of lipids (aka myelin)?

Answer 24

oligodendrocytes

Question 25

What provide myelination to neurons?

Answer 25

oligodendrocytes

Question 26

what produce myelin in the central nervous system? They also create the nodes of ranvier.

Answer 26

oligodendrocytes

Question 27

oligodendrocytes can produce many internodes of myeline and it wraps around about ____ times and how many are there in the optic nerve?

Answer 27

6 30-50

Question 28

what are vulnerable to myelin related diseases?

Answer 28

oligodnedrocytes

Question 29

OLIGDENDROCYTES: FAST/SLOW mitotic rate and GOOD/POOR regeneration capacity (functional significance?) Have many proteins which respond to ______________ —responsible for immune system destruction *Can be selectively stained with antibodies against myelin producing/related proteins

Answer 29

slow, poor B and T ccells B and T cells

Question 30

What are analogous to oligodendrocytes but in created in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 30

Schwann Cells

Question 31

schwann cells provide myeline for ______ internodes. cell body IS/ISN'T related to an internode.

Answer 31

one IS

Question 32

what is special about schwann cells?

Answer 32

they respond vigorously to injury

Question 33

How do schwann cells respond vigorously to injury?

Answer 33

*Divide and migrate *Phagocytose damaged myelin *Provide new myelination rapidly *Complete cutting of axon results in schwann cells forming tubes (bungner bands) that regenerating axons can grow into

Question 34

what are bunger bands?

Answer 34

tells axons to reattach when severe injury occurs

Question 35

astrocytes provide _____________________ for other CNS components.

Answer 35

structural support

Question 36

astrocytes maintain the __________________________________

Answer 36

extracellular environment

Question 37

what wrap around synapses and thought to "chemically" isolate synapses to prevent cells damage and excitation of neighboring synapses?

Answer 37

astrocytes

Question 38

astrocytes can transport _______________ and ___________________________. They are also involved in the _____________ ______________ barrier. Also they maintain local ________ and __________ balances.

Answer 38

water and electrolytes blood brain pH and ionic

Question 39

are astrocytes disease resistant?

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

how can you tell that astrocytes are different from other cell types?

Answer 40

they wrap themselves around dendrites and synapses

Question 41

______________________ need to be prevented from phagocytosis when it isn't needed (like in Alzheimers_.

Answer 41

microglia

Question 42

what is involved with Phagocytosis and inflammatory response

Answer 42

microglia

Question 43

what is Mobile, active macrophage and Major player in inflicting immune system-mediated damage in CNS (important in autoimmune disorders)

Answer 43

microglia

Question 44

why is microglia different from other glia?

Answer 44

microglia= mesodermal orgin others= ectodermal

Question 45

what is microglia selectively stained with?

Answer 45

Hortega silver carbonate

Question 46

what cells line ventricles and spinal cord central canal?

Answer 46

ependymal cells

Question 47

what are usually ciliated with normal microtubules and PRODUCE CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID?

Answer 47

ependymal cells

Question 48

ependymal cells form junction with neighboring cells with __________________ and gap junctions

Answer 48

desmosomes