Lecture 1 Flashcards
(32 cards)
name the major constituents of blood
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
give the approximate concentration of Na, K, Ca in the plasma (ECF)
Na : 145 mM
K: 4-5 mM
Ca 2+ : 2-2.5mM
give the approximate concentration of Red, white, platelets and plasma
- 1% platelets
- 35% RBC
- <5% WBC
- 60% plasma
give the approximate concentration of H+ and HCO3- in the plasma (ECF)
H+: pH 7.35 - 7.45
HCO3-: 24mM
state what a hematocrit measures and how it works
it measures the amount of RBC in the blood sample, it is measured in the centrifuge
what are the proteins in plasma
- albumin: major component
- globulin: antibodies
- fibrinogen: clotting
what are the cellular constituents
RBC: 5 million/ ul
WBC: 7,000/ ul
platelets: 250,000 ul
what are cytokines and where do they come from?
they regulates the synthesis of RBC, WBC and platelets
they come from immune cells
what type of cell starts process of all cells?
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
what is the function of red blood cells?
they transport O2 to muscle and cells and deliver CO2 out of body to lungs
what is the structure of red blood cells?
concave disc that contain no nucleus and have Hb molecules inside
how are red blood cells made? (synthesis)
EPO (erythropoeitin) that come from the kidneys
- erythroplast turn into erythrocytes every 90-120 days
what is the structure and function of white blood cells?
function is for protection from pathogens and immunity
how are white blood cells made? (synthesis)
they are synthesized when promoted by colony stimulating factors from different immune cells with a lifespan of hours/days
what is the structure and function of platelets?
tiny pieces of a megakaryocyte to clots bleeding blood vessels
how are platelets made? (synthesis)
a megakaryocytic stops at anaphase then breaks up into tiny pieces called platelets
what are the major functions of hemoglobin?
to bind and transport O2
what factors decrease makes O2 binding
- low pH
- high CO2
- high BPG
- high temp
this is a right shift on the O2 dissociation curve
what factors increase makes O2 binding
- high pH
- low CO2
- low BPG
- low temp
this is a left shift on the O2 dissociation curve
what’re the types of anaemia?
hypochromic - iron deficency
aplastic - low RBC production
hemolytic- fragile RBC
megabolastic - vitamin B12 deficiency
what is the structure of Hb?
4 globin tetramers that each contain heme group that has 1 iron and a porphyrin ring
molecules needed for production: iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid
describe the process of hemoglobin synthesis and metabolism
1) iron is absorbed in diet
2) iron goes to red bone marrow of flat bones in adults and the EPO signal production of RBC
3) RBC performs it function
4) old RBC get destroyed in spleen
5) the bilirubin and metabolites are absorbed in liver
iron is recycled (bilirubin is used to make bile)
any extra bilirubin and metabolites are excreted
6) kidney makes EPO
what is hyperbilirubinanemia?
too much bilirubin and it causes jaundice
- solution: urinary excretion
how are platelets kept soluble when there’s no bleeding
prostacyclin is kept circulating
