lecture 1 Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is the general term for information storage?
Memory
Memory encompasses various forms of storing information, including declarative and procedural memory.
What are the two types of declarative memory?
- Episodic memory
- Semantic memory
What does episodic memory refer to?
Personal experiences and specific events
What does semantic memory refer to?
General knowledge and facts
What are the basic processes involved in memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What is chunking in the context of working memory?
Knowledge-dependent recoding of information
What is the initial capacity estimate for short-term memory according to Miller (1956)?
7 ± 2 items
What is the significance of knowledge structures in memory?
They help organize and influence the processing of new incoming information
What are schemas in long-term memory?
Clusters of knowledge for objects, places, events, actions, etc.
How do schemas affect memory retrieval?
They function as retrieval cues
Who conducted the study demonstrating the impact of context on memory recall?
Bransford and Johnson (1972)
Fill in the blank: Schemas create ________, reducing processing load.
Expectations
What is the ‘consistency effect’ in memory?
Better recall of schema-inconsistent information over time
What does the ‘10 year rule’ suggest about exceptional memory?
Years of deliberate practice lead to superior memory performance
What is the role of expertise in memory?
Enhances encoding, storage, and retrieval processes
What is the outcome of chunking in working memory?
Increases effective memory capacity
True or False: Expertise allows individuals to create chunks more often.
True
What are the principles of Long-Term Working Memory?
- Encoding principle
- Retrieval structure principle
- Speed-up principle
What did Maguire et al (2003) study regarding memory?
The neural basis behind superior memory
What are the costs and benefits of relying on knowledge structures?
Facilitates encoding and retrieval but may lead to predictable errors
What is the main impact of providing structure in unexpected contexts?
Improves recall of main ideas
What is the estimated capacity of working memory in terms of chunks?
Estimated at 4 chunks
What is the effect of schemas on encoding?
They influence how information is encoded in memory
Fill in the blank: The knowledge that you already have will influence _______ of new incoming information.
Processing
