Lecture 1

Question 1

Cerebrum

Answer 1

Largest part of the brain Evolutionary youngest part Performs high cognitive function

Question 2

Cerebellum

Answer 2

Located under the cerebrum Coordinates muscle movement Maintains posture and balance

Question 3

Brain stem

Answer 3

Connects to spinal cord Autonomic functions

Question 4

Corpus callosum

Answer 4

Strong white matter tract Connects both hemispheres

Question 5

Left hemisphere

Answer 5

Speech and comprehension Writing and calculation

Question 6

Right hemisphere

Answer 6

Spatial abilites, musical skills Not “creativity” in general

Question 7

Cortex

Answer 7

Surface of the cerebrum Contains abt 16b neurons Neurons are mainly situated on the outside (Gray matter), organized in 6 layers Beneath the coetex: axons of cortical neurons and oligodendrocytes (white matter)

Question 8

Brain hemispheres

Answer 8

Gyrencephalic structure in higher mammals (gyri and suici) Lissencephalic in rodents

Question 9

Frontal lobe functions

Answer 9

Planning, problem solving Concentration, self-awareness Body movement (precentral gyrus) Personality, behaviour Broca’s area: speaking and writing Personality n judgement

Question 10

What area is often associated w strokes?

Answer 10

Cerebral artery thus why stroke victims have problems swallong and develop infections

Question 11

CASE STUDY: Phineas Gage

Answer 11

Rod propelled thru frontal left side -> suffered from head n brain injuries Result: damage to prefrontal cortex n left eye No motor n sensory impairment, normal perception Personality change

Question 12

What could explain Phineas Gage’s motor and sensory impairment was unimpaired?

Answer 12

The precentral gyrus, which is associated w controling movement, was spared

Question 13

Parietal lobe functions

Answer 13

Wernicke’s area: understanding language Postcentral gyrus: sensory function Signal interpretation from vision and hearing Spatial and visual perception

Question 14

Occipital lobe functions

Answer 14

Vision (colour, light, movement)

Question 15

Temporal lobe functions

Answer 15

Memory and hearing Sequencing and organization Wernicke’s area: understanding language

Question 16

Aphasia

Answer 16

Disturbance of language

Question 17

Broca aphasia

Answer 17

Difficulties moving tongue n facial muscles Speech production impaired Patient can read n understands language Patient can’t speak or write

Question 18

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Answer 18

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Question 19

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 19

Patient can speak but sentences are wordy n don’t make sense Difficulties understanding speech

Question 20

Basal ganglia

Answer 20

Caudate, putamen n globus pallidus Works w cerebellum, motor coordination

Question 21

Thalamus

Answer 21

Relay station for signals from/to cortex Pain sensation, attention, alertness

Question 22

Hypothalamus

Answer 22

Controls autonomic functions Thirst, hunger, sleep, sexual response Controls hormone secretion from pituitarry Circadian rhythms

Question 23

Limbic system n memory

Answer 23

Forms “double ring” around basal gnaglia Composed of phylogenetic old parts of the cortex n subcortical structures Contains cingulate gyri, hypotahamlus, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory bulb Emotions n memory

Question 24

CASE STUDY 2: Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Answer 24

Bilateral lesions of the amygdala, damage to the limbic system After temporal lobectomy (epilepsy surgery) -> Herpes simplex encephalitis Early-stage AD, CO poisoning remake later

Question 25

Short term memory formation

Answer 25

Frontal cortex Stores up to 7 items for a minute Examples: reading

Question 26

Long-term memory

Answer 26

Processed in hippocampus n temporal lobe Unlimited content n capacity

Question 27

Skill memory

Answer 27

Processed in cerebellum Cerebellum relays information to basal ganglia Stores learnt, autonomic memories

Question 28

CSF function

Answer 28

Protection: fluid buffer Homeostasis: distribution of factors Buoyancy: effective brain mass reduction Metabolic waste clearance

Question 29

CSF production n flow

Answer 29

Produced in choroid plexus (lateral ventricles, fourth vesicle) Unidirectional flow until 4th ventricle Multidirectional flow in subarachnoid space Resorption in arachnoid villi

Question 30

**CASE STUDY 3: ** hydrocephalus

Answer 30

Misbalance: CSF production vs resorption

Question 31

CASE STUDY 4: neurogenic areas in adult human CNS

Answer 31

*

Question 32

Brain stem

Answer 32

Control of autonomic functions: heart rate, BP, body temp, sleep cycles, sneezing Main parts: midbrain, pons n medulla oblongata Cranial nerves: relay to other parts of the body, primarily head n neck Special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell)

Question 33

Meninges Dura matter

Answer 33

Closely covers CNS 2 layers (periosteal, meningeal) Layers form sinuses (veins) Falx (b/w hemispheres) Tentorium (b/w cerebrum n cerebellum)

Question 34

Meninges Arachnoid matter

Answer 34

Thin, spider-web like membrane Elastic tissue

Question 35

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Answer 35

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Question 36

Meninges Pia mater

Answer 36

Directly on brain surface Blood vessels penetrating the brain