Lecture 1/2 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are Demings 4 revolutionary management points
- Main enemy is variability
- Employees should enjoy working and get satisfaction
- Profit is not enough to motivate employees, purpose is required
- 85% of the time quality concerns are due to process design rather than engineers fault
Benefits of Reducing Variability/Complexity
- Reduce costs
- Errors reduce
- Quality improves
- Happier customers (repeat business)
- Market share grows
What is management by positive co-operation
Where management must improve the system with employees help
What is the corrective action process?
PLAN
DO
CHECK
ACT
What does Total Quality Management (TQM) require from the workforce?
Total integration with everyone working together for quality improvement
What are the 3 major components of TQM?
SYSTEMS: based on a good international standard
TEAMS: councils, quality improvement teams, corrective action teams
TOOLS: analysis, correlations and predictions for action or continuous improvement to be taken (SPC etc)
What are the 6 main factors of TQM the process:
- Recognise customers and discover their needs
- Set standards that align with customer requirements
- Control processes and improve capability
- Establish quality driven systems
- Management have responsibility for setting quality standards
- Empower people at all levels to act for quality improvement
What is Total Quality Control (TQC)?
An effective system for integrating the quality development, quality maintenance and quality improvement methods.
It focuses on continuous improvement through participation of everyone in the company.
What are Demings 14 points?
- Constancy of purpose
- The New Philosophy
- Cease dependance on inspection
- End ‘lowest cost’ contracts
- Improve every process
- Institute training on the job
- Insitutute Leadership
- Drive out fear
- Break down barriers
- Eliminate exhortations
- Eliminate targets
- Perimit pride of workmanship
- Encourage education
- Top Management Commitment
What is Statistical Process Control (SPC)?
The application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality of a production process
What is Central Limit Theorem?
The central limit theorem states that, under appropriate conditions, the distribution of a normalized version of the sample mean converges to a standard normal distribution.
4 benefits of SPC?
Improves and controls quality
Finds the cause to variation
Preventative rather than reactive
Eliminates waste
What are the 2 types of variation? Describe them.
Natural /Inherent Causes: due to process, will occur in same random pattern over a long period of time.
Assignable/Special Causes: usually random in nature, change over time.
What are the 2 types of action to take against Variation?
Local Actions:
Required to eliminate special causes
Carried out by operators close to system
Corrects about 15% of problems
System Actions:
Reduce variation due to common causes
Requires management action for corrections
85% of process problems
Whats the difference between Detection and Prevention?
Detection tolerates waste
Prevention reduces waste
What does SPC work to do and remove?
SPC works to remove special causes, leaving common causes. If this occurs the process is in statistical control
What are the 2 basic uses of Control Charts?
- As a judgement, to give evidence whether a process has been oprating in a state of statistical control & signal for any special causes of variation
- As an operation, to maintain state of statistical control by extending control units
What are the benefits of Control Charts?
Simple & Effective
Give reliable info/direction for when action should be taken
Stabilises cost and quality (if in statistical control)
Allows continous improvement
Decreases scrap
Improves quality
Improves effective capacity
Is a common language for all (employees, suppliers etc)
What are the characterisations of SPC?
The past predicts the future.
When a reasonable degree of statistical control is displayed the output will be predictable.
The variation should be the same each day.
What is the voice of the process?
The range between the lower and upper natural process limits
How to tackle non-conforming products?
Align the voice of process and voice of customer by:
1. Modifying the process
2. Modifying the product specifcation
Can the process improve beyond the voice of the process?
The process can never do any better than the voice of the process, regardless of what the specification states
What happens if there is a lack of Statistical Control?
The pattern of variation is inconsistent
Process is unpredictable
No predictions are possible
Variation outside of natural process limits and specifcation limits
