Lecture 1 + 2 Flashcards
(31 cards)
Gina is 4-years older than Johnny. Gina is 2x older than Johnny. How old is Johnny?
johnny = 4
Science is described as these 7 things
Empirical
Rational
Testable
Parsimonious
Explainable
Tentative
Reliable
What is science
subset of knowledge (within an area) that has been learned/verified by scientific methods
what is information
description(statement/other form) of expression
what is fact
information that has been verified to be true
what is knowledge
knowledge is the collection of facts and info by a person
what is epistemology
the study of knowledge
Gina can paint a wall in 1 hour. Johnny can paint the same wall in 2 hours. How much time should they need to paint the same wall together?
combined work = gina’s time + johnnys time
combined work = 1 + 1/2
combined work = 3/2 (walls per hour)
time required = 1/combined work
time required = 1/(3/2)
time required = 2/3 (hours per wall)
therefore they would need 2/3 of an hour (40 min)
What is a manuscript
what author’s original written work before undergoing any changes.
who submits the manuscript to the publication venue for consideration?
corresponding author
who does the first read to make sure the manuscript is within scope
handling editor
what are referees
other scientists who are given the manuscript who are believed to be able to comment on the quality of the manuscript
they write a referee report that states their opinions and any advice to improve the quality of the manuscript
An editor will
collect the referee reports and decide either
- accept for publication, no revisions
- accept for publication with minor revisions
- accept for publication with major revisions
- reject the manuscript
if a manuscript is accepted with minor/major revisions the author may submit a
revised version and a point-by-point response letter showing they considered their peers comments. this will either be published or sent back for further review
What is the scientific method
1.) observing
- notice something of interest in a situation
2.) recognizing/defining
- using observations to recognize open questions/define problems
3.) hypothesizing
- using observations/other knowledge to infer solutions to questions/problems
4.) testing
- create a controlled model/strategic test to evaluate hypothesis/predictions
What did Edwin Smith do
discovered a papyrus in 182 that dated back to 2600(~)
describes battlefield injuries and surgical treatments
considered the earliest known medical document and contain essential elements of the scientific method
What did greek philosophy add to the scientific method
4th century BC
deductive reasoning (form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn logically from accepted premises) (top-down)
inductive reasoning (form of reasoning in which inference is generated based on observations) (bottom-up)
8th-15th century scientific method history is
islamic science
what occurred in 12-16th century for scientific method
european science
extended deductive reasoning with controlled experimentation
increased an emphasis on mathematics to create general theory
introduced parsimony (explanation should be as simple as possible and contain just enough terms to explain the facts - Ockham’s Razor)
what happened in 16th-18th century AD for scientific methodology
1543, Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” which theorized the earth was not the center-point of the universe
1655 Hooke published “Micrographia” the first book too describe observations using a microscope
end of 18th century, experimental research was regarded as the best strategy for learning
in his 1934 book “the logic of scientific discovery” __ introduced
Popper.
introduced the concept of falsifiability as a way to determine if a statement was scientific
how is the scientific method used in forensic science
used to inform legal investigations
usually investigating crimes
(uncertainty) limited access to information
(human error) being wrong has significant consequences
(misunderstandings) communicating findings to a non-technical audience
we use systematic and validated approaches to minimize these challenges
a 12ft tree casts a 8ft shadow. at the same time, gina casts a 4ft shadow. johnny is half as tall as gina. how tall is gina?
height/shadow = c
hTree/sTree = 12/8
3/2
3/2 = hGina/4
(4 * 3)/2 = hGina
6 = hGina
what are SOPs
Standard Operating Procedures
they’re formally documented instructions for routine tasks/activities (like protocols, worksheets, etc.)
- minimize variation and promote consistent use of procedures
- ensure compliance with organization/governmental requirements
- improve training, minimize safety concerns and increase efficiency
- improve comparability, credibility and legal defensibility
