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Breeding And Reproduction > Lecture 1 +2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 +2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is gynecology

A

The study of the female reproductive system

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2
Q

What is Theriogenealogy

A

Study of animal reproduction

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3
Q

What is obstetrics

A

The study of the female reproductive system involving pregnancy, parturition, and purperium

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4
Q

What six things make up the female reproductive tract

A

Ovaries, oviduct, uterus, vagina, Vulva, external genitalia

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5
Q

Describe the anatomy of the female reproductive tract

A

Why shaped uterus in most. Body extenze in caudal direction. Two uterine horns project cranially. Suspended by the broad ligament. Oviduct extends from the tips of the uterine horns.

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6
Q

What does the ovary do

A

Produces both gametes and hormones.

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7
Q

Which hormones are produced by the ovary

A

Estrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

What produces estrogen in the ovary

A

The follicle

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9
Q

What produces progesterone in the ovary

A

The corpus luteum

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10
Q

List the four layers of the ovary

A

Germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, cortex: that contains the follicle and corpus luteum, Medulla

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11
Q

List the steps of development for the primordial follicle

A

Primordial follicle, primary follicle, secondary follicle, develop antral tertiary follicle, antral follicle, ovulating follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans(If animal is not pregnant)

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12
Q

What are the three parts of the oviducts

A

Infundibulum, Ampulla, isthmus

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13
Q

What is the infundibulum

A

Fingers that hold and grab the egg

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14
Q

What is the ampulla

A

Where the egg is fertilized

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15
Q

What is the isthmus

A

Opens four days after fertilization

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16
Q

What are the six functions of the uterus

A

Reception of fertilized ova, sperm transport, luteolysis, environment for pre-attachment of embryo, nutrition and production of fetus, expulsion of fetus and placenta

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17
Q

What does luteolysis trigger

A

The release of prostaglandins that start proestrus If you’re not pregnant.

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18
Q

What does the shape of the uterus depend on

A

Species, horns and body vary

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19
Q

Describe marsupial reproductive organs

A

Marsupials have a hemipene and females have a transitial vagina

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20
Q

How many incisions do rabbits and marsupials require to deliver by C-section

A

Two. One per horn

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21
Q

Describe the layers of the uterus from outside to inside

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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22
Q

Describe the myometrium

A

Tone with estrogen, used to transport sperm. Low tone present from progesterone minimizes fetal movement. Inner layer changes during the cycle at endometrium

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23
Q

When does a pyo occur

A

2 months after heat

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24
Q

What is pus

A

Accumulation of neutrophils

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25
What happens when we have a Pyo
We often get anemia secondary to chronic infection
26
Describe the cervix
Close access to uterus from vagina, opens only during estrus or parturition. It's folds can make artificial insemination difficult. Cervix also secretes mucus and can have single or multiple folds.
27
Describe the vagina
Acts as a copulatory organ, and to pass newborns. Caudal vagina has stratified squamous epithelium. Epithelial cells are modified by hormonal changes. During estrus the vagina thickens dramatically and prevents microbes from gaining entrance to vasculature of the submucosa.
28
What is andrology
The study of the male reproductive system
29
Describe the hymen
Connection from the vagina to the vestibule or volva
30
What is the urethra
It is where we catheterize for urine. Enters into the vagina
31
What is the vestibule
Two labia, clitoris, arise from the primitive cloaca
32
Describe the Bony structure of the pelvis
``` Sacrum ️caudal vertebrae Ossa coxarum (ilium, ischium, pubis) Acetabulum Ligaments - sacroiliac, sacrosciatic, prepublication tendon Pelvic inlet ```
33
What does Mono estrus Mean
One estrous cycle per year
34
What does polyestrous mean
Many estrus cycles per year
35
What is a seasonal polyestrous
One estrous cycle per season
36
What is the follicular phase
More estrogen (proestrus, estrus). The time the follicle predominates
37
What is the luteal phase
When the corpus luteum predominates (metestrus)
38
What is proestrus
Graafian follicle is growing under the influence of FSH causing estrogen to be produced
39
What is estrus
Desire. Estrogen causes cilia to move in oviducts. Lutenizing hormone is released and triggers ovulation. Some induced Ovulators require coitis before luteinizing hormone surge occurs.( Cats rabbits ferrets)
40
Describe metestrus
Corpus luteum starts to grow due to luteinizing hormone
41
Describe diestrus
corpus luteum is mature and produces progesterone
42
Describe Anestrus
Menopause. Ovaries are not currently working
43
What are the signs of estrus
Agitation, decreased appetite, vocalization, discharge, mounting
44
What is gestation
The period from fertilization to parturition. Early deaths of the early embryo with reabsorption is considered sterile
45
What is abortion
Delivery of a dead fetus
46
What is birth
Delivery of an alive fetus
47
What is embryology
Study of development and growth of the individual embryo
48
What is teratology
Study of drugs with pregnancy
49
What is implantation
When blastocysts nest into the endometrium
50
What is the period of the embryo
Evolution of a blastocyst
51
What is the period of fetal development
Evolution of development of organs and animal shape. Is the dangerous period If exposed to chemicals
52
What is the third period
The period of fetal growth
53
What is the fetal membrane and placenta function
Protection, transfer nutrients, remove waste, secrete hormones
54
What is the meconium
The first stool of the new born
55
Describe the attachment of a fetus to uterus
The placenta
56
What is a fetal placenta called
Chorioallantois
57
What is the maternal placenta called
Endometrium
58
Describe the classification of placenta
Damage caused to the endometrium, microscopic appearance, histologic appearance
59
Describe a deciduous placenta
Causes a lot of damage (cats, dogs, humans)
60
Describe a non-deciduous placenta
Won't cause much damage
61
Describe a defused placenta
Uniform villous attachment (horse/ pig)
62
Describe a cotyledonary placenta
Cotyledon of the chorioallantois contacts the caruncles of the endometrium (placentome)
63
Describe a zonary placenta
Band of villous attachment (carnivore)
64
Describe a discoid placenta
The disk area of a placenta (primates, rodents)
65
How do you histologically classify placentas
The method is based on the number of layers between the maternal and fetal blood
66
What do more layers mean
Less antibodies between mom and baby
67
What is epitheliochorial
Has all 6 layers (horse, pig)
68
What is syndesmochorial mean
Has 5 layers, epithelium of uterus is gone (cows)
69
What is endotheliochorial
4 layers, epithelium and c.t of uterus is gone. Chorionic epithelium of the fetus is in direct contact with the endothelium of the endometrium (which has capillaries) (carnivores)
70
What is hemochorial mean
3 layers, blood vessel of endometrium is in direct contact with chorion (no maternal endothelium). So there is more exchange of antibodies, as well as possible immune reactions (humans)
71
What is hemoendothelial
Only one layer present, maternal blood is in contact with capillary bed of chorionic epithelium (Lagomorpha and rodents)
72
What is the classification of a ruminant placenta
Non deciduous cotyledonary syndesmochorial placentation
73
Describe a canine placenta
Deciduous zonary endotheliochorial placentation
74
Describe a human placenta
Deciduous discoid hemochorial placentation
75
Describe puerperal changes
The cervical Canal is closed by mucous plug developing from the first month and projecting through the external cervical opening. There are gestational affects on other systems such as a displaced stomach and intestine, decreased blood return from vena cava. Pressure of the thorax decreases pulmonary ventilation during pregnancy.
76
What is Parturition
Includes the various physiological processes of the birth of young including the delivery of the fetus and placenta and the involution of the uterus. Animals must be fed a balance ration in an amount to provide the necessary food groups so that at parturition she is neither fat nor thin
77
What should the temperature be during parturition
85 to 95°F
78
What are the signs of parturition
Each becomes quieter, the vulva becomes flaccid, enlarged and Edematous. Increased respiratory rate and panting occurs and all species could interrupt the birth process if disturbed
79
Describe stage 1 of parturition
Time varies depending on Species Contractions occur, visible or nonvisible depending on the species. Restless, anxious, panting, nesting, body temperature rises, chorioallantois can break and leak out
80
Describe stage 2 of parturition
Expulsion of the fetus. Time varies on species (canine 15 min, 6 hours cow, horse 1-2hr). Time also varies on litter. Amnion can break or be presented in the sac
81
Describe stage 3 of parturition
Passing of the placenta. 20-30 mins. If retained- problem. Usually comes out after each pup or kitten
82
Describe the post partium period
Uterine involution. Depending on placenta type and endometrial damage. Can be as little as 4 weeks to 3 months.
83
What is lochia
Accumulation of debris in uterus post partium. Black green material which exits uterus, not smelly, normal discharge. It can last 2 weeks. Only a concern of animal not feeling well or newborn is doing poorly.
84
What is the embryonic stage of lactation
Cellular differentiation from other tissues
85
What is the pre puberty stage of lactation
Increase in connective and adipose tissue, no glandular tissue.
86
Describe the post puberty stage of lactation
Development of secretory cells and canals, effect of many hormones.
87
Describe the gestation stage of lactation
Most of the development takes place, especially near the end.
88
Describe the beginning of lactation stage of lactation
Maximum amount of milk produced is not reached
89
How milk is ejected
Nerve receptors in skin, nerve, hypothalamus, oxytocin released, action on myoepithelial cells, milk ejection

Breeding And Reproduction (3 decks)

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