Lecture 1

Question 1

Apex

Answer 1

-bottom

Formed by tip of left ventricle

Question 2

Base

Answer 2

• top

- Approximately at the level of the 2nd costal cartilages

Question 3

Anterior Surface

Answer 3

consists primarily of right ventricle

Question 4

Number of upper chambers

Answer 4

• two

- right and left atria

Question 5

Number of lower chambers

Answer 5

• two

- right and left ventricles

Question 6

Right ventricle moves

Answer 6

venous blood to the pulmonary circulation

Question 7

Left ventricle moves

Answer 7

arterial blood to the systemic cirvulation

Question 8

Interatrial septum

Answer 8

separates right and left atria

Question 9

Fossa Ovalis

Answer 9

• depression in the interatrial septum

- remnant of foramen ovale

Question 10

Failure to close foramen ovale is

Answer 10

Patent foramen ovale

Question 11

Atrial septal defect

Answer 11

an interatrial septum that fails to develop properly

Question 12

Interventricular Septum

Answer 12

separates right and left ventricles

Question 13

Ventricular septal defects

Answer 13

• most common congenital cardiac abnormalities

- Found in 30-60% of all newborns with congenital heart defect or about 2-6 per 1000 births

Question 14

Ventricular septal defect is aquired by

Answer 14

a few days after myocardial infraction due to macrophage remodeling of dead heart tissue before scar tissue forms

Question 15

Heart must contact forcefully and overcome

Answer 15

aortic and pulmonary pressure in order to pump blood.

Question 16

Each ventricle hold about

Answer 16

• 150 ml (at end diastolic volume) when full

- Only about half is ejected (70-80 ml)

Question 17

Stroke Volume

Answer 17

70-80 ml

Question 18

Ejection Fraction equation

Answer 18

Stroke Volume/End Diastolic Volume x 100%

Question 19

Layers of the heart

Answer 19

1- Endocardium
2-Myocardium
3-Epicardium

Question 20

Endocardium

Answer 20

1- Innermost layer

2- Lines inner chambers, valves, chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

Question 21

Myocardium

Answer 21

Middle layer

• thick, muscular layer
• responsible for pumping action
• not capable of regeneration (Hyperplasia)
• Is capable of hypertrophy

Question 22

Cadiac Muscle Cells

Answer 22

1- Cylinderical branching cells
2- Single central nucleus
3- Intercalated discs

Question 23

Epicardium

Answer 23

1- Also called the visceral pericardium
2- External layer of the heart
3-Includes blood capillaries, lymph capillaries, nerve fibers and EPICARDIAL FAT

Question 24

Epicardial Fat weight and surface

Answer 24

• Covers 60-80% of heart surface

- 20% weight

Question 25

Epicardial Fat distribution

Answer 25

Along Coronary arteries, over the right ventricle especially along the right border - anterior surface - Apex

Question 26

Epicardial Fat purpose

Answer 26

provide fatty acids to cardiac muscles as a local energy source in times of high demand

Question 27

Epicardial and Abdominal Adipose relationship

Answer 27

The more abdominal adipose present the more epicardial fat is present

Question 28

Parietal Pericardium

Answer 28

Rough outer layer of the pericardial sac

Question 29

Pericardial Space or pericardial cavity

Answer 29

exists between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers

Question 30

Pericardial Space Volume

Answer 30

Contains approximately 10 ml of fluid

Question 31

Pericardial Space purpose

Answer 31

acts as a lubricant, preventing friction as heart beats

Question 32

Major Hear Valves

Answer 32

- 2 Atrioventricular (AV) valves | - 2 Semilunar valves

Question 33

Heart Valve Functions

Answer 33

- Ensure blood flow in one direction through heart chambers | - Prevent back flow (REGURGITATION) of blood flow

Question 34

Regurgitation of blood

Answer 34

Blood flows back through the valve in the wrong direction

Question 35

Atrioventricular valves (AV) seperate

Answer 35

atria from ventricles

Question 36

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 36

1- Tricupsid valve | 2- Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Question 37

Tricuspid valve

Answer 37

1- Lies between right atrium and right ventricle 2-Consists of 3 separate leaflets 3-Larger in diameter and thinner than mitral valve

Question 38

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Answer 38

1- Has only two cusps | 2- Lies between left atrium and left ventricle

Question 39

Cusps of AV valves are attached to

Answer 39

Chordae Tendineae (Heart Strings)

Question 40

Chordae Tendineae originate from

Answer 40

Papillary Muscles

Question 41

Chordae Tendineae purpose

Answer 41

- anchors in the closed position | - prevents valves from being blown upward into the atria

Question 42

How do Chordae Tendineae work

Answer 42

- Papillary muscles contract when ventricular walls contract - Pull the vanes of the valves inward toward the ventricles to prevent their bulging too far backward toward the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 43

Semilunar Valves

Answer 43

1- Pulmonic Valve | 2- Aortic Valve

Question 44

Semilunar Valves Characteristic

Answer 44

Have 3 cusps shaped like half-moons

Question 45

Semilunar Valve Functions

Answer 45

Prevent back flow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during ventricular diastole

Question 46

Heart Sounds

Answer 46

1- First heart sound (S1) | 2- Second Heart sound (S2)

Question 47

S1 sound

Answer 47

1- Associated with closure of tricuspid and mitral (AV) valves 2- Often referred to as "lub)

Question 48

S2 sound

Answer 48

1- Associated with closure of pulmonic and aortic (semilunar) valves 2- Dub

Question 49

Blood Flow through Heart

Answer 49

``` 1- Right Atrium 2- Tricuspid 3- Right Ventricle 4- Pulmonic Valve 5- Pulmonary Trunk 6-Pulmonary Arteries 7- Lungs (pulmonary capillaries) 8-Pulmonary Veins 9- Left Atrium 10-Mitral Valve 11- Left Ventricle 12- Aortic Valve 13- Aorta 14- Systemic Circulation ```

Question 50

Right Atrium receives blood from

Answer 50

1- Superior vena cava 2- Inferior vena cava 3- Coronary Sinus