Lecture 1-3: Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis.

Question 1

What are the 8 levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Provide examples of each level

Answer 1

1. Atoms

Neutrons, Electrons

2. Molecules.

H20, Na+Cl-

3. Organelles

Mitochondria, chloroplasts

4. Cells

Smooth Muscle cell

5. Tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

6. Organ

Blood vessel

7. Organ System

Circulatory system

8. Organism

Human!

Question 2

What are the 10 organ systems?

Answer 2

1. Nervous
2. Endocrine
3. Immune
4. Integumentary
5. Musculoskeletal
6. Circulatory
7. Respiratory
8. Digestive
9. Urinary
10. Reproductive

Question 3

What are the two organ systems considered the master controllers?

Answer 3

Nervous and Endocrine

Question 4

What are the 2 organ systems considered master defenders?

Answer 4

Immune and integumentary

Question 5

What organ system is considered the support system?

Answer 5

Musculoskeletal

Question 6

Name the organ system responsible for transport

Answer 6

Circulatory

Question 7

What are the 4 organ systems that connect to the outside world?

Answer 7

1. Respiratory
2. Digestive
3. Urinary
4. Reproductive

Question 8

What are the 5 general themes in physiology?

Answer 8

1. Structure and function are closely related.
2. Living organisms need energy to live
3. Information flow coordinates body functions
4. Homeostasis maintains internal stability
5. Evolution

Question 9

Function depends on [blank] and [blank]

Answer 9

• structure

- shape

Question 10

How does compartmentalization benefit the organism?

Answer 10

It allows cells, tissues and organs to specialize and isolate functions

Question 11

What happens if homeostasis is not maintained in the body?

Answer 11

You will develop pathophysiology

Question 12

Who termed homeostasis?

Answer 12

Walter Cannon

Question 13

Which variable is tested?

Answer 13

Dependent

Question 14

Which variable is altered to test?

Answer 14

Independent

Question 15

X axis on a graph displays what?

Answer 15

Independent

Question 16

Y axis on a graph displays what?

Answer 16

Dependent

Question 17

Bar graphs show independent variables as [blank] entities.

Answer 17

Distinct (Diet A, B, C)

Question 18

Line graphs show independent variables as [blank]

Answer 18

Continuous (Time, Temperature)

Question 19

Scatter plots, plot the [blank] between two variables

Answer 19

Relationship

Question 20

Body compartments are in a [blank]

Answer 20

Dynamic steady-state

Question 21

If at equilibrium, body compartments would be considered [blank]

Answer 21

identical

Question 22

Are body compartments at equilibrium?

Answer 22

no

Question 23

Compartments are in a state of relatively stable [blank]

Answer 23

Disequilibrium

Question 24

Give example of steady-state disequilibrium relative to the cell ion concentration

Answer 24

ECF = High levels of Na+ and Cl-

ICF = High levels of K+

Question 25

What happens if the set point has shifted?

Answer 25

The body will get used to that point and defend it even though it is not healthy for the organism. Example: hypertension

Question 26

What are the components of a simple control system (3)?

Answer 26

- Input signal - Integrating system - output signal

Question 27

What is a reflex response?

Answer 27

Body response across a distance.

Question 28

Using the AC, give a negative feedback example.

Answer 28

1. Temperature increases 2. Information travels to receptor (thermometer) 3. Information will travel to control center (thermostat). 4. Output signal will travel to effector (AC) 5. Response initialed (AC cools room)

Question 29

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

Answer 29

Maintain homeostasis

Question 30

What are examples of negative feedback within the body?

Answer 30

blood pressure, blood glucose

Question 31

What does negative feedback prevent in the body?

Answer 31

Sudden and severe changes

Question 32

Which type of control system pushes the variable farther from the set point?

Answer 32

Positive feedback

Question 33

Give positive feedback example using childbirth

Answer 33

Stimulus: Baby pushes on cervix Sensor: pressure stimulates brain. Integrating center: brain Output signal: oxytocin released. Response: causes uterus to contract more Enhanced response: contraction pushes baby into cervix

Question 34

What is a feed forward control?

Answer 34

A mechanism in which your body prepares for an event.

Question 35

Give an example of a feed forward mechanism

Answer 35

Smells food salivates, increases gastric secretion

Question 36

What are the 3 major body cavities?

Answer 36

- Cranial - Thoracic - Abdominopelvic

Question 37

What are the 3 fluid filled compartments?

Answer 37

- Circulatory system - Eyes - Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 38

What is a lumen?

Answer 38

A hollow interior space, can be air or liquid filled.

Question 39

What are the 3 functional body fluids?

Answer 39

1. Blood plasma 2. Interstitial fluid 3. Intracellular fluid

Question 40

What are the 4 main functions of cell membranes?

Answer 40

1. Separates ICF from ECF. 2. Controls the movement of particles across the membrane. 3. Communication with the cell and environment. 4. Helps maintain shape

Question 41

What are the 3 types of proteins seen in our cell membranes?

Answer 41

1. integral - embedded 2. peripheral - loosely connected 3. transmembrane - crosses through

Question 42

Describe the structure of the extracellular matrix

Answer 42

Created by the cells of the tissue surrounding the membrane. The structure depends on where the cell is located. Bone = rigid while brain = watery

Question 43

What are some of the functions of the ECM?

Answer 43

- holds cells together | - helps with cell growth and development

Question 44

Name the 3 different connection types between cells.

Answer 44

1. Gap junctions 2. Tight junctions 3. Anchoring junctions