Lecture 1

Question 0

what is the function of cytokines

Answer 0

activation of effectors of lymphocytes and phagocytes

growth and differentiation of all immune cells

Question 1

What are cytokines

Answer 1

small group of proteins that regulate and coordinate many cell activities for both innate and adaptive immunity

Question 2

what are chemokines

Answer 2

small subset of cytokines regulating cell movement and migration

Question 3

Who is the father of humoral immunity and what is his main discovery?

Answer 3

Paul Ehrlich –> antibodies produced by B cells neutralize microbes and recognize antigens

Question 4

What are the 2 major types of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity and where do they mature?

Answer 4

T lymphocyte matures under influence of thymus

B lymphocyte matures under influence of bone marrow

Question 5

extracellular involves?

Answer 5

humoral, B lymphocytes

Question 6

intracellular involves?

Answer 6

T lymphocytes, cell-mediated against microbes (viruses, bacteria)

Question 7

Who is the father of cell-mediated immunity and what did he discover/name?

Answer 7

Elie Metchnikoff discovered phagocytes working with T lymphocytes to eliminate microbes, resistance could be transferred with cells but NOT with serum

reaffirmed in the 1950s with intracellular Listeria monocytogene resistance

Question 8

What are helper T cells and what do they do

Answer 8

CD4 cells eliminate extracellular microbes by helping B cells make effective antibodies

Question 9

What are the 7 major features of adaptive immune responses

Answer 9

specificity, memory, specialization, diversity, nonreactivity to self, clonal expansion, contraction and homeostasis

Some Men See Dicks Not Cumming Cunts

Question 10

When do Ag-specific clones of lymphocytes develop and how according to the clonal selection hypothesis?

Answer 10

before and independent of exposure to Ag

Question 11

what is a clone

Answer 11

lymphocyte of 1 specificity and its progeny

Question 12

what is a major characteristic of the immune system in the clonal selection hypothesis?

Answer 12

a very large # of clones is generated during the maturation of lymphocytes, maximizing the potential for recognizing diverse microbes

Question 13

what is the goal of vaccination?

Answer 13

generation of memory responses

Question 14

Who developed a vaccine for smallpox? Who is the father of immunology?

Answer 14

Edward Jenner

Dr. Pasteur

Question 15

What is active immunity?

Answer 15

conferred by a host response to a microbe or microbial antigens

Question 16

what is passive immunity?

Answer 16

conferred by adoptive transfer of antibodies or T lymphocytes specific for the microbe

Question 17

What are the 4 classes of lymphocytes and what do they do?

Answer 17

B - recognize soluble Ags, develop into Ab-secreting cells
T helper - recognize Ags on APCs, secrete cytokines
Cytotoxic T - recognize Ags on infected cells and kill
Regulatory T - suppress and prevent immune response

Question 18

Normal Blood Cell Counts of innate immune cells

Answer 18

When Nuns Enter Basements Mothers Leave

WBC, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, leukocytes

Question 19

s

Answer 19

4500-11,000 (7400)
1800-7700 (4400)
0-450 (200)
0-200 (40)
0-800 (300)
1000-4800 (2500)

Question 20

Phagocytes primary functions and what do they include

Answer 20

ingest and destroy microbes, get rid of damages tissue (scavenger function)

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 21

What are the 4 steps in functional responses of phagocytes

Answer 21

recruitment
recognition
ingestion
destruction

Question 22

What do activated phagocytes secrete

Answer 22

cytokines that promote or regulate immune responses

Question 23

what are neutrophils also called and where are they produced?

Answer 23

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (connected by 3-5 lobules)

produced in bone marrow

Question 24

what cytokine stimulates neutrophil growth, how many are made a day, what is their diameter, and how long are they in tissue before they die

Answer 24

G-CSF 1 x 10^11 12 to 15 micrometers 1-2 days

Question 25

what are azurophilic granules

Answer 25

lysosomes that contain enzymes and other microbicidal substances

Question 26

what happens when neutrophils encounter hyphae

Answer 26

cannot internalize them, azurophilic granules deliver contents to the nucleus triggering chromatin decondensation and the release of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) causing tissue damage

Question 27

what are NETs composed of and what can serve as a source of DNA for NET formation

Answer 27

DNA and histones | mitochondria

Question 28

What are common features of mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils

Answer 28

have cytoplasmic granules filled with inflammatory and antimicrobial meidators

Question 29

mast cell characteristics

Answer 29

not in blood circulation, in the tissue, innate and adaptive immune responses, granules filled with histamine, located close to skin and blood vessels produce lipid mediators (prostaglandins), cytokines, chemokines

Question 30

mast cell function

Answer 30

regulate vascular permeability and effector-cell recruitment can modulate behavior through release of mediators

Question 31

Where are cells of the macrophage lineage arising from and what factor stims growth

Answer 31

bone marrow M-CSF mature monocytes enter blood circulation then migrate to tissue --> become macrophage

Question 32

What are the 6 functions of monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 32

1) activation - bacteria, LPS stimulates chemokines, IFN-gamma production 2) chemotaxis, tissue inflammation 3) phagocytosis, scavenger - tissue repair 4) effector function - NO, ROS, lysosomal enzymes 5) Ag presentation 6) Immunomodulation

Question 33

Where do DCs arise from and what are the 3 types?

Answer 33

bone marrow classical - skin, mucosa, parenchyma plasmacytoid - viral infection responders (Type 1 IFN aka IFN alpha/beta) inflammatory

Question 34

What DC is from fetal origin?

Answer 34

Langerhans cell in the skin

Question 35

what are haptens

Answer 35

very small molecules that bind to Abs or TCRs but do no initiate an immune response

Question 36

what is the smallest unit to which an Ab can be made?

Answer 36

3-6 a.a. or 5-6 sugar residues

Question 37

What are the 3 components to innate and adaptive immunity?

Answer 37

cells, blood proteins, physical and chemical barriers

Question 38

Innate immunity cellular and chemical barriers

Answer 38

skin, mucosa, epithelia, antimicrobial molecules

Question 39

Innate immunity blood proteins

Answer 39

complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines

Question 40

Innate immunity cells

Answer 40

phagocytes, dcs, nks, innate lymphoid cells

Question 41

adaptive immunity cellular and physical barriers

Answer 41

lymphocytes in epithelia, abs secreted at surfaces

Question 42

adaptive immunity blood proteins

Answer 42

cytokines, abs

Question 43

adaptive immunity cells

Answer 43

B and T lymphocytes