lecture 1 Flashcards Preview

Cardio Exam 2 > lecture 1 > Flashcards

Flashcards in lecture 1 Deck (28)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

what is affected in atherosclerosis?

A

Arteries, NOT veins

2
Q

response-to-injury-hypothesis

A

atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory & healing response of the arterial wall to endothelial damage. Lesion progression occurs through interaction of modified lipoproteins, macrophages & T-cells with the normal cellular components of the arterial wall.

3
Q

atherosclerotic pathogenic events

A
  1. Endothelial injury (increased permeability)
  2. LDL accumulation
  3. monocyte adhesion->macrophages-> foam cells
  4. platelet adhesion
  5. recruiting factors released
  6. SMC proliferation & ECM production
  7. extra, intracellular accumulation of lipids
4
Q

media is composed of:

A

smooth muscle cells

5
Q

adventitia is composed of:

A

blood vessels (Vasoasum)

6
Q

SMCs can go from media to ____ during inflammation

A

intima

7
Q

in media, SMC

A

can not divide & do not produce ECM proteins

- only contract & relax

8
Q

scavenger receptors for modified lipoproteins & other receptors for

A

oxidized LDL & VLDL

9
Q

major components of atheromas

A

fibrous cap

core

10
Q

atheroma acute changes

A
  • rupture or fissuring
  • erosion & ulceration
  • hemorrhage into atheroma
11
Q

thrombotic occlusion in coronary artery is the most common cause of

A

MIs

12
Q

calcification

A

mineralization of the atherosclerotic plaauq recapitulates many aspects of bone formation
- stiff arteries; cannot respond to changes in BP

13
Q

atherosclerosis manifestation

A
  • no symptoms
  • compensatory enlargement
  • stenotic occlusive disease
  • ectasia, aneurysm
  • thrombosis
  • rupture
14
Q

intermittent claudication

A
  • pain in calf when exercising

- arteries become narrowed & blood flow decreases in atherosclerosis

15
Q

atherosclerosis in coronary arteries

A

->MI and angina pectoris

16
Q

atherosclerosis in CNS

A

-> stroke, encephalopathy

17
Q

atherosclerosis in peripheral circulation

A

->intermittent claudication & gangrene

18
Q

atherosclerosis in splanchnic circulation

A

->mesenteric ischemia

19
Q

atherosclerosis in kidneys

A

->renal artery stenosis

20
Q

MI

A
  • pain in the chest radiating up to the jaw or down the left, or less often, right arm might signal a heart attack
  • necrosis of part of the heart
21
Q

angina pectoris

A

insufficient blood flow to the heart muscle from narrowing of coronary artery may cause chest pain.

22
Q

mesenteric ischemia

A

ischemia of intestines->necrosis

23
Q

preferred sites of atherosclerosis

A
  1. proximal left descending coronary artery
  2. proximal portions of renal arteries
  3. extracranial circulation of the brain
  4. the carotid bifurcation
  5. branching points of arteries
  6. abdominal aorta (posterior wall)
    - due to blood flow alterations (turbulent flow)
24
Q

what is the major cause of death & premature disability in developed societies?

A

atherosclerosis

25
Q

the mortality rate for ____ in the US is the highest in the world

A

ischemic heart disease (IHD)

26
Q

constitutional risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

age
gender
family history

27
Q

acquired risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

hyperlipidemia-hyperscholesterolemia
HTN
cigarette smoking
DM

28
Q

additional risk factors for atherosclerosis

A
  • inflammation, increased protein C as an biomarker
  • hyperhomocysteinemia
  • metabolic syndrome- insulin resistance
  • lipoprotein A, altered form of LDL
  • PAI-1 & thrombin increase
  • Type A personality