Lecture 1

Question 1

When did Prokaryotes develop?

Answer 1

3.5 billion years ago.

Question 2

When did eukaryotic cells develop, and from what?

Answer 2

2 billion years ago, from prokaryotic cells.

Question 3

Relative mass of prokaryotes to eukaryotes?

Answer 3

10:1.

Question 4

2 domains of prokaryotes?

Answer 4

Bacteria, archaea.

Question 5

What domain of prokaryotes often live in extreme environments?

Answer 5

Archaea.

Question 6

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain a nuclear envelope?

Answer 6

Eukarya.

Question 7

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain membrane bound organelles?

Answer 7

Eukarya.

Question 8

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain peptidoglycan in cell wall?

Answer 8

Bacteria.

Question 9

What types of membrane lipids do bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain?

Answer 9

Bacteria and eukarya - unbranched hydrocarbons.

Archaea - some branched hydrocarbons.

Question 10

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contains more than one kind of RNA polymerase?

Answer 10

Archaea and eukarya.

Question 11

What is the initiator amino acid for starting protein synthesis in bacteria/archaea/eukarya?

Answer 11

Bacteria - formyl-methionine.

Archaea and eukarya - Methionine.

Question 12

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain introns?

Answer 12

Archaea - some genes.

Eukarya.

Question 13

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya have their growth inhibited by antibiotics streptomycin and chloramphenicol?

Answer 13

Bacteria.

Question 14

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain histones associated with DNA?

Answer 14

Archaea and eukarya.

Question 15

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya contain a circular chromosome?

Answer 15

Bacteria and eukarya.

Question 16

Which out of bacteria/archaea/eukarya can grow at temps over 100ºC?

Answer 16

Some archaea.

Question 17

What are pili composed of? And what do they assist?

Answer 17

Pilin. Assist bacteria in sticking to their substrate or each other.

Question 18

Many bacteria secrete a capsule. What does it contain?

Answer 18

Polysaaccharides.

Question 19

Do some prokaryotes have flagella? What protein is it composed of?

Answer 19

Some do, composed of flagellin.

Question 20

What does the bacterial cell wall do?

Answer 20

Protect cell against mechanical and osmotic shock.

Question 21

What is the bacterial cell wall composed of?

Answer 21

Peptidoglycan.

Question 22

2 types of bacterial cell wall?

Answer 22

Gram positive, Gram negative.

Question 23

How thick is gram positive cell wall?

Answer 23

40nm layer of peptidoglycan.

Question 24

Is the gram negative or gram positive cell wall more complex?

Answer 24

Gram negative.

Question 25

Which bacterial cell wall typically resembles the more dangerous and harder to kill bacteria, gram positive or gram negative?

Answer 25

Gram negative bacteria.

Question 26

3 examples of gram negative bacteria and what they cause?

Answer 26

Chlamydia trachomatis - blindness. Vibrio cholerae - cholera. Yersinia pestis - plague.

Question 27

3 examples of gram positive bacteria and what they cause?

Answer 27

Clostridium tetani - tetanus. Clostridium botulinum - botulism. Streptococcus pneumoniae - pneumoniae.

Question 28

Structure of gram negative cell wall from top to bottom?

Answer 28

Outer membrane with peptidoglycan proteins, periplasmic gel with peptidoglycan proteins.

Question 29

What drug is produced bacterially at Lancaster related to Alzheimers?

Answer 29

β-amyloid.

Question 30

4 modes of prokaryotic nutrition?

Answer 30

Photoautotrophs, Chemoautotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Chemoheterotrophs.

Question 31

What are photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs?

Answer 31

Photoautotrophs: Photosynthetic organisms using light to synthesise organic components from CO2. Chemoautotrophs: Use CO2 as a C source, obtain energy from oxidising inorganic substances. - certain prokaryotes only.

Question 32

What are photoheterotrophs and chemoheterotrophs?

Answer 32

Photoheterotrophs: Use light to generate ATP, but must obtain carbon organically. - certain prokaryotes. Chemoheterotrophs: Use organic molecules for both C and energy.

Question 33

Why are viruses not considered to be alive?

Answer 33

Can't self-repair and don't have an energy transduction system.

Question 34

What is a complete viral particle called? | What is a virus' protein coat called?

Answer 34

Viron. | Capsid.

Question 35

What is the capsid made of?

Answer 35

Number of protein units called capsomers.

Question 36

3 most common shapes of bacteria?

Answer 36

Cocci (spherical), Bacilli (rod-shaped), Spirochetes (helical).

Question 37

4 shapes of virus, with an example of each?

Answer 37

Filamentous - Tobacco mosaic virus. Spheroid - Adenovirus. Tailed spheroid - Lambda phage. Enveloped - Influenza virus.

Question 38

Describe filamentous virus.

Answer 38

Nucleic acid arranged in a helix, protein sub-units surrounding and stabilising it.

Question 39

Describe spheroid virus and tailed spheroid virus.

Answer 39

Nucleic acid condensed in a protein envelope - usually organised into multisided geometric shape. Tailed spheroid same with a tail.

Question 40

Describe enveloped virus.

Answer 40

Like spheroid virus but with lipoprotein coat.

Question 41

What type of virus is ebola?

Answer 41

Filamentous, single-stranded RNA. | Helical capsid enclosed inside membrane.