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Scientific Writing > Lecture 1-4 > Flashcards

Lecture 1-4 Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Purpose of scientific writing

A

To inform, not entertain

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2
Q

Style of scientific writing

A

Brief, concise, technical

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3
Q

Tone of scientific writing

A

Object
Factual
Serious

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4
Q

types of scientific writing

A

Scientific journal articles (Research papers and Review papers)
Research notes/ commercials
Conference presentations
Research proposal
Magazine article for diverse background
Lab reports
Field notes
Sales and marketing materials
Progress reports
SOPs

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5
Q

How are scientific journals organized

A

Topic

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6
Q

What type of knowledge is in a scientific journal

A

Human

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7
Q

Why is it important to use peer reviewed or refereed journals

A

Experts scrutinize the experiment or theory for validity, this ensures competency and value. All inadequate is rejected

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8
Q

8 steps of publishing protocols

A
  1. Conduct a defensible experiment
  2. Produce a draft report (manuscript)
    3.Choose a journal
    4.submit your formatted manuscript to the editorial board of the journal
  3. Editors send manuscript for peer review
  4. Experts validate or reject your manuscript
    7.after it’s published others critically assess your work. Challenge or accept it
  5. You have the opportunity to defend your work
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9
Q

Research papers

A

Report original findings and organize them into conventional format

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10
Q

What does AIMRDAR stand for

A

Abstract, Interdiction, materials/methods, results, discussion, acknowledgement and references

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11
Q

What 4 reasons are research papers written

A

1.share new findings on new experiments or articles
2.build on what is already known
3.improve a method or adapt a method to a different research question
4.make a process easier or more efficient

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12
Q

Define review paper

A

Critical synthesis of the research on a particular topic

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13
Q

Why is a review paper read

A

1.keep up to date on current knowledge in a field
2. Learn about unfamiliar subjects

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14
Q

Writing style is the product of what?

A

The words you choose
How you put the sentence together
Length of sentences
How sentences are connected
The tone

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15
Q

Ineffective writing style

A

Reader works harder
Less informative
Less persuasive
Unethical if it confuses or misleads reader

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16
Q

Effective technical writing style is:

A

1.clear
2.concise
3.fluent

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17
Q

How to avoid ambiguous phasing

A

Write to allow for only one interpretation

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18
Q

How to avoid ambiguous pronoun references

A

A pronoun should clearly refer to one specific noun

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19
Q

How to avoid ambiguous punctuation

A

A missing punctuation mark can obscure meaning

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20
Q

How to avoid telegraphic writing

A

Eliminating too many function words to be concise can obscure the meaning

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21
Q

How to avoid ambiguous modifiers

A

If modifiers are placed far from what they are modifying the meaning can be lost

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22
Q

How to avoid overstuffed sentences

A

Crammed sentences make details hard to remember and relationships hard to identify
Give readers no more information then they need to retain in a sentence

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23
Q

How to make negatives positive

Study These Flashcards
A

Positive expressions are easier to understand more straightforward and more persuasive

24
Q

How to write for conciseness

Study These Flashcards
A

Make every word meaningful
Use only the words that are necessary to convey meaning clearly

25
Two types of wordiness
Giving the reader too much information: eliminate irrelevant details Using too many words to say the same thing:avoid repetition and redundancy
26
Avoid needles repetition
Unnecessary repetition clutters writing and dilutes meaning
27
Fight noun addiction
Norminalizations after accompany weak verbs and needless prepositions
28
Clean out clutter words
Clutter words stretch a message without adding meaning
29
How do you write for flow
Ideas flow logically Ideas connect to enhance meaning Sentence structure and length are varied to prevent monotony
30
What is paragraphing
Each sentence conveys one idea: all sentences must support the idea Requires a clear topic sentence: tells the reader what to expect out of a paragraph
31
How do you arrange sentence order for coherence
Arrange sentences in a logical order Build sentences on preceding sentences Sentences work best when the beginning looks back at familiar information and the end provides new information
32
Why do you use transition words or phrases
Identify relationships between sentences
33
sentence structure and length
Both length and structure should be varied Length depends on complexity of ideas Short sentences should be used for emphasis-> to many short sentences will make writing choppy -> combine short sentences for better flow
34
Uses for tenses and third person
Previous studies: present tense Your study:past tense Perspective: third person
35
What are the 4 present tenses
1 the simple present (I study) 2 the present progressive (I am studying) 3 the present perfect (I have studied) 4 the present perfect progressive (I have been studying)
36
What present tense is required what one should be used
Simple present
37
Why is the simple present used
To describe an action, an event, or condition that is occurring in the present When the precise beginning or ending of a present action, event or condition is unknown or is unimportant to the meaning of the sentence To express general truths such as a scientific fact To indicate a habitual action, event or condition
38
What are the 4 past tenses
1.simple past (I studied) 2. The past progressive (I was studying) 3.The past perfect (I had studied) 4.The past perfect progressive (I had been studying)
39
What past tense is required what one is used
Simple past
40
What is the simple past used to describe
An action, an event, or condition that occurred in the past, sometime before the moment or speaking or writing
41
Why is the simple present and simple past required
To simplify writing and removes wordiness Takes out ambiguity
42
Writing perspective and what one is used in technical writing
Regular writing can use first, second, or third perspectives Technical writing should always used third person
43
What is an active voice
The subject of the sentence i performing the action
44
What is a passive voice
The subject of the sentence is being acted upon
45
Why is the active voice used
Makes writing more vivid Uses string verbs Adds clarity Places responsibility appropriately
46
What’s the technical writing conundrum
It’s easiest to write in the third person using passive voice Allows the writer to place less emphasis on who
47
What happens with the overuse of passive voice
Come across as very abstract Boring and passive
48
What voice to use in technical writing
Active voice as much as possible-> interdiction, results and discussion Use passive when appropriate-> methods and materials
49
Reading sequence of scientific journal articles
Use title to identify the article Read abstract to determine it’s what you want Skim paper to get general information
50
What must you do when using article information
Always paraphrase, cite( incite and on reference page) this is to avoid plagiarism
51
Keeping track of references
Record all reference information Give each arrival a symbol
52
Understanding scientific journal articles
Read it in detail If you don’t understand use other sources to help you (review paper, dictionary, textbook, ect.)
53
What does the interduction do
Outlines what is already known Ends with goals/ objectives/hypothesis
54
What is in the methods and materials
Gives an idea of the design of the experiment Do not need to understand everything
55
What is in the results section.
Figured and tables- they usually contain the most pertinent information
56
What is in the discussion section
Summary of the most important finding *Interpretation and explanation of the results Possible reasons for unexpected results Limitations of study major contributions to area of research Where future research should focus Where likely most the information is
57
Different types of articles
Some arrivals may not describe original research Some may be essays, discussions or reviews They usually have Abstract, Interduction, Discussion, Conclusion, References

Scientific Writing (1 decks)

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