Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is a bigeminal pulse?
Normal pulsation followed by a PVC
Amplitude of a PVC is also less than normal
What is pulsus alternans?
Smaller amplitudes pulse alternating with a larger pulse
Normal rhythm
Cause: Left ventricular failure
What is pulsus paradoxus?
Description: exaggerated decrease in amplitude during inspiration, and increase in amplitude during expiration
Causes: pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis, asthma, emphysema, and transbronchial obstruction
Breathing is controlled by ___
___ is the primary muscle for inspiration
Evaluate respiration for _, _, and _
Normal respiration rate?
Brainstem
Diaphragm
Rate, rhythm, quality
12-20/min
Causes of bradypnea?
- brain injury (Increase intracranial pressure)
- drugs (opiates, benzos)
- hypothyroidism
- uremia
- diabetic coma
- alcohol intoxication
Cause of tachypnea?
- fever/infection
- pain
- cardiac disorder
- anemia
- deconditioning
- pulmonary disorders
- emotions
What is Kussmaul breathing?
Deep, regular, sighing respirations (rates can be normal, slow, or fast)
See in:
- metabolic acidosis
- hypoglycemia
- hypoxia/severe hemorrhage
- uremia
- anxiety
What is Cheyne-Stokes breathing?
Pattern waxes and wanes cyclically so that period of deep breathing alternate with episodes of apnea
May be normal in children or elderly
Occurs in:
- LHF
- cerebral circulation alternations
- conditions that increase ICP
- brain injury
- uremia
- narcotics
- ETOH
What is Biot’s breathing?
Ataxic breathing characterized by breaths that are shallow or deep then stop for short periods of time (unpredictable)
Occurs in:
Meningitis
Brain damage (particular at the medullary level)
What does obstructive breathing look like?
Expiration is prolonged due to increased airways resistance
If RR increases, pt does not have enough time for inspiration and breathing eventually becomes shallow
