Lecture 1-5

Question 1

What is taxnomoy?

Answer 1

The discipline of naming and categorizing organisms based on shared traits.

Question 2

What are the types of shared traits in taxonomy?

Answer 2

Morphological, developmental, molecular

Question 3

What is phylogeny?

Answer 3

The evolutionary history of species or group of related species

Question 4

What are nodes? (On a phylogeny tree)

Answer 4

Branch points that represent a common ancestor.

Question 5

What is (the discipline of) systematics?

Answer 5

Classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.

Question 6

What are the 4 categories to organize evolutionary relationships?

Answer 6

Fossils, morphological data, biochemical data, genetic data.

Question 7

What are the 5 points of a phylogenic tree?

Answer 7

Branch point, sister taxa, ancestral root, outgroup, polytomy.

Question 8

What are sister taxa?

Answer 8

Organisms (or groups) that share an immediate ancestor (on a phylogenic tree)

Question 9

What is an outgroup?

Answer 9

A more distantly related group (of organisms) that serves as a reference.

Question 10

What is polytomy? (On a phylogenic tree)

Answer 10

A branch from which two groups emerge.

Question 11

Homologous structures.

Answer 11

Similar structures (may not be obvious), derived from a common ancestor.

Question 12

Analogous structures.

Answer 12

Different structures (when looked at closely) with a similar function. Due to convergent evolution.

Question 13

How are cladistics organized?

Answer 13

They are organized into groups based on common descent. So the group is the ancestor, and all of it’s descendants.

Question 14

polyphyletic

Answer 14

includes distantly
related species but does not include their
most recent common ancestor`

Question 15

paraphyletic

Answer 15

consists of an
ancestral species and some, but not all, of the
descendants

Question 16

Shared ancestral vs shared derived character

Answer 16

Shared ancestor is a character that originated in an ancestor. Shared derived is a character novel to a particular clade

Question 17

The Unikonta and what clades are included?

Answer 17

Supergroup branch of Eukarya. It includes the caldes Amoebozoans and Opisthokonts

Question 18

Typical animal characteristics

Answer 18

Multicellular, no cell walls, can move, embryonic tissue (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm)

Question 19

What type of life cycle do animals have?

Answer 19

A diplontic life cycle

Question 20

What are the gametes of animal cells called?

Answer 20

Sperm and egg

Question 21

What are choanoflagellates?

Answer 21

The best outgroup for multicellularity (not multicellular but closely related)

Question 22

Phylum - Porifera. Talk about structure.

Answer 22

Sponges, have two cell layers (epidermis and choanoderm). Sponges are totipotent meaning they can regenerate and change cell fate.

Question 23

What phylum did radial symmetry likely evolve from?

Answer 23

Cnidaria.

Question 24

What are the two major early developments of Eumetazoan tissues?

Answer 24

Cleavage (mitotic division), and Gastrulation (Primitive gut and Blastopore)

Question 25

Are embryonic tissues diploblastic or triploblastic?

Answer 25

Diploblastic (endoderm and ectoderm)

Question 26

Clades vs Grades

Answer 26

Clades share a common ancestry, while grades share key biological features only. (no relationship between organism)

Question 27

What is two sided symmetry?

Answer 27

Bilateral symmetry

Question 28

Bilaterian symmetrical animals have what?

Answer 28

A dorsal top side and a ventral bottom side, right and left sides, and anterior front side and posterior back side

Question 29

Cephalization

Answer 29

Radial symmetry - Networks of individual nuerons (Ex. Anemone) Bilateral symmetry - Clustering of neurons (Squid)

Question 30

Protostomia

Answer 30

Mouth forms first, anus might form later

Question 31

Deuterostomia

Answer 31

Anus forms first, mouth forms later

Question 32

Echinoderms (movement and symmetry)

Answer 32

Water vascular system, tube feet and water pressure enables movement. Most adult echinoderms have radial symmetry with multiples of five.

Question 33

Some animals under the Echinoderm clade include

Answer 33

Sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers

Question 34

Defining characteristics of the chordates

Answer 34

Notochord (provides strength and support), Dorsal hollow nerve cord (develops into the central nervous systems), Pharyngeal gill slits (allows for movement of water, Post anal tail (can be reduced during embryonic development)

Question 35

Three major clades of Chordates

Answer 35

Cephalochordate, Urochordata, vertebrata

Question 36

Cephalochordata

Answer 36

The lancelets, most basal group of living chordates

Question 37

Urochordata

Answer 37

The tunicates, chordata characteristic are only present in larvae stage

Question 38

Vertebrates

Answer 38

Animals with vertebrae and skulls

Question 39

Body cavities (and the three grades of organization in triploblasts)

Answer 39

Coelomates (cavity is lined with medoderm), Pseudocoelomates (body cavity partially lines by tissue derived from mesoderm), and Acoelomates

Question 40

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 40

The widest range of animal body forms, includes the great Molluscs.

Question 41

What are four major classes of Molluscan clades

Answer 41

Gastropods (snails and slugs) Bivalvia, Polyplacophora, and Cephalopoda

Question 42

Annelida

Answer 42

Phylum containing worms

Question 43

Clade Errantia

Answer 43

Annelid clade. Scale worms that are actively mobile, Parapodia and palps achieve locomotion

Question 44

Clade Sedentaria

Answer 44

Less active segmented worms (tubeworms, earthworms)

Question 45

Brachiopoda

Answer 45

Phylum, member of the Lophotrochozoan clade, Has a lophophore that is used to capture food. Attached to sea floor.

Question 46

Platyhelminthes

Answer 46

Phylum. AKA flatworms. Live in marine/fresh water. No body cavity

Question 47

Nematoda

Answer 47

Phylum. Contains the round worms. Most common animal on earth. Parasitic lifestyles.

Question 48

Arthropods.

Answer 48

Twp of every three known species are arthropods. Body plan consists of segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages

Question 49

Crustacea (include body groupings)

Answer 49

Includes two segment groupings - Cephalothorax (pairs of antennae, walking legs) and Abdomen/tail

Question 50

Hexopoda clade. And what do they undergo as they transform from larvae to adult.

Answer 50

Evolution of flight occurs here. Includes insects and their six legged kin. Undergo metamorphosis to transform from larva to adult.