Lecture 1 Flashcards by Sara Wilcox

The cardiovascular system consists of:

Circulatory blood vessels

Heart

Regulatory cells

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The venous side of the circulatory system is known as this side

The capacitance side

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The arterial side of the circulatory system is considered this side:

The resistance side

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Blood return from dependent areas are supported by these 2:

Valves & skeletal muscle contraction.

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Intravascular Blood Distribution of the veins (%)

64%

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Intravascular Blood Distribution of the lungs (%)

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Intravascular Blood Distribution of the capillaries (%)

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Intravascular Blood Distribution of the greater arteries (%)

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Intravascular Blood Distribution of the lesser arteries & arterioles (%)

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Intravascular Blood Distribution of the heart during diastole (%)

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Of the 4 heart chambers, these are the priming pumps

Atria

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This structure is attached to the diaphragm, spinal column & other attachment sites.

It also has a major influence on resting diastolic pressure.

Pericardium

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The outer membrane of the pericardium is known as the…

fibrous parietal pericardium

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The inner membrane of the pericardium is known as the…

serous visceral pericardium

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Pericardial fluid is produced by this membrane

inner/serous visceral pericardium

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Presence of excess fluid in the pericardial sac generally due to pericarditis is known as…

Pericardial Effusion

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Which ventricle has more wall musculature?

Left ventricle by 3x

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Valves that regulate blood movement into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

Semi-lunar valves

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Valves present between atria and ventricles on each side of the heart.

Atrioventricular valves

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The atrioventriculr valve on the left side of the heart is called…

Mitral valve

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The atrioventriculr valve on the right side of the heart is called…

Tricuspid valve

A failure of the aortic valve to close tightly, causing a back flow of blood into the left ventricle is called…

Regurgitation (specifically mitral valve regurgitation)

The stage of cardiac pumping where normal dilation of heart chambers following systole causes the chambers fill with blood.

Diastole

The stage of cardiac pumping where the contraction of the ventricles expell blood into the pulmonary arteries & aorta.

Systole

The 4 stages of cardiac pumping required for a complete pump cycle:

Early Diastole Late Diastole Atrial Systole Ventricle Systole

Stage of cardiac pumping where the mitral & tricuspid valves open between the atria & ventricles

Late Diastole

Stage of cardiac pumping where the aortic and pulmonary artery valves are closed

Late diastole

Stage of cardiac pumping where ~70% of ventricular filling occurs

Late Diastole

At the start of this stage of cardiac pumping, the AV valves shut

Ventricular systole

During this stage of cardiac pumping, the aortic & pulmonary valves open

Atrial and Ventricular Systole

Ventricular ejection starts with the opening of these valves

Aortic & pulmonary artery valves

This represents the percent blood ejected from ventricles during each stroke.

Ejection fraction

This stage is also known as protodiastole

Early Diastole

In this stage the ventricular contraction is maxed out before aortic & pulmonary artery valves close

Early diastole

In this stage, the relaxation of the ventricles cause these valves to open

AV valves

The duration of systole decreases from 0.27 sec to 0.16 sec as the heart rate...

Increases

The duration of diastole decreases from 0.62 sec to 0.14 sec when heart rate...

Increases

Cardiac perfusion and the majority of ventricular filling occurs during...

Diastole

Pulse velocity depends on these 2 things of the arterial vessel

Size and wall stiffness

The blood pushed into the aorta forces blood forward through the vascular system creates a pressure wave that moves in what relation to velocity?

Independent

What causes a "thready" pulse in shock victims?

Decreased stroke volume

What is the cause of a "bounding" pulse?

High stroke volume

The 1st heart sound (S₁) is caused by this valse closing at the start of ventricular systole

AV valves

The 2nd heart sound (S₂) is caused by the closing of what valves after ventricular systole

Aortic & pulmonary artery valves

This heart sound is caused by the in-rush of blood into the ventricles

3rd heart sound (S₃)

This heart sound is known as a ventricular gallop, can be heard in youth, athletes, pregnancy & those with CHF

3rd heart sound (S₃)

This heart sound is caused by ventricular filling and would be heard before S₁, if at all.

4th heart sound (S₄)

This heart sound is caused by high atrial pressure and/or ventricular stiffness that is seen with ventricular hypertrophy.

4th heart sound (S₄₎

This is an abnormal sound heard over the heart due to accelerated, turbulent blood flow generally due to disease of heart valves.

Murmur

This is an abnormal sound heard over the blood vessels, eg. heard over atherosclerotic carotid artery.

Bruits

This is caused by a narrowing of blood vessels that results in a transient acceleration of blood & turbulance. Can be important predictor of strokes or other cardiovascular injury or disease.

Bruits