Lecture 1 Flashcards
(25 cards)
Anatomy
Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Gross Anatomy
Study of structures examined without a microscope
(Gross) Regional Anatomy
Body is studied area by area
Ex: head, abdomen, arm regions
(Gross) Systemic Anatomy
Body is studied system by system
Ex: Cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory systems
(Gross) Surface Anatomy
Looking at the exterior of the body to visualize deeper structures inside
Ex: sternum, ribs
(Gross) Anatomical Imaging Anatomy
Use of radiographs, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and other tech to create pictures of internal structures.
ex: x-rays
Microscopic Anatomy
Study of structure of cells, tissues, and organs seen through a microscope
(Microscopic) Cellular Anatomy
Study of the structure of the cell
i. Cytology- Examines structure, function, and history of the cells
Microscopic Histology Anatomy
Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them
Developmental Anatomy
Studies structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood
(Developmental) Embryology Anatomy
Examines changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development
Physiology
Study of the function of the body’s machinery; need to know underlying anatomy to explain physiology
Cell Physiology
Examines the processes occurring in cells
Systemic Physiology
Examines functions of organ systems
Neurophysiology
Examines the nervous system
Vascular Physiology
Examines the heart and blood vessels
- Type based on specific organ systems
- Requires understanding of chemistry and physics (next two lectures)
- Function reflects structure
Pathology
Medical science involving the aspect of disease
Exercise Physiology
Examines changes in function and structure caused by exercise
Organization of the Human Body
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal
Levels of Organization
-Chemical Level- Involves the interactions between atoms
-Cellular Level
+Cells- Basic structural and functional units of plants and animals
+Organelles- Derived from molecules, organelles are the small structure inside cells.
+Ex: Nucleus
-Tissue Level
+Tissue: Similar cells with a common function
++CMEN- connective, muscle, epithelial, and nervous tissue
-Organ Level
+Organ: Composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common functions
+Ex: urinary bladder, heart, stomach, and lungs
-Organ System Level
+Organ System: Group of organs that perform a common function/set of functions; viewed as a unit; all systems promoting life.
++Ex: Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, etc.
Necessary life functions
- Boundaries- Edges of a cell; inside of the cell is alive, everything outside is dead/extracellular
- Movement- Avoid deleterious situations, seek safety, resources, and mates
- Responsiveness- Organism’s ability to sense changes in an internal or external environment; detect relevant biological stimuli.
- Digestion/Ingestion- Do Not benefit us at a cellular level
- Ingest- Acquire resources outside of our bodies, contains macromolecules
- Digestion-Isolate macromolecules, and modify them (metabolize them)
- Metabolism- Chemical reactions in the cells and internal environment of an organism to break down food and use it as a source of energy;
-break macromolecules into their monomers (individual pieces);
-Metabolism gives us the components we need to manufacture the specific molecules we need,
-Or metabolize complex macromolecules, so the bonds in those macromolecules can get harvested and stored.
+Ex: ingesting proteins-breaking peptide bonds to release amino acids and make our own proteins. - Excretion- Excrete metabolites (consequences of metabolism) that can be harmful
+Ex: urinary excretion - Reproduction- Formation of new cells or organisms; necessary for the human race
- Growth- Increase in the size/number of cells; remodel existing tissue
- Development- Changes an organism undergoes from fertilization to death
- Differentiation- Changes in a cell’s structure and function from an immature to a mature state
- Morphogenesis- Changes in shape of tissues, organs, and the entire organism
Requirements for life
- Nutrients
- Oxygen
- Water
- Normal body temperature
- Atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
-ability to maintain stable internal conditions; body must actively regulate constantly changing conditions
- Most organ systems work in concert to keep condition within a narrow range
a. Primarily achieved by nervous and endocrine function - Control system design:
a. Variable: factor or event being controlled; the value of variables can change, exposing humans to new conditions.
Ex: Body temperature - Feedback control
a. Positive—increase stimulus
b. Negative—decrease stimulus- Any deviation from the set point is made smaller/returned back to normal.
Ex: As body temperature changes, negative feedback returns it back to normal so the body can function properly.
i. Mechanisms (three or more)
Receptor-Monitors the value of a variable such as body temperature
Control Center- establish a set point around which the variable is maintained through communication with the receptors and connectors
Ex: part of the brain
Effector- Can adjust the value of the variable, usually back toward the set point
Ex: sweat glands
Positive Feedback
-change proceeds in the same direction as the original stimulus; exemplifies the change
a. Not common
b. Do not require constant adjustment
c. Events are self-perpetuating
d. Cascades
e. Example: blood clotting, childbirth
+Ex:childbirth; during positive feedback of childbirth, the size of the baby stretches the uterus, contractions push the baby against the uterus opening, stretching the uterus even more, resulting in more contractions, the positive feedback end when the baby is delivered
