Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the 4 main places that bacteria are found in humans?

Answer 1

Skin, Teeth, Gut, Vagina

Question 2

What bacteria are commonly found on the skin?

Answer 2

Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Corynebacertium spp

Question 3

What bacteria are commonly found on the teeth?

Answer 3

Streptococcus sanguis, S.mutans

Question 4

How many species of bacteria are there in the gut and what do they do?

Answer 4

Over 500, they aid digestion, providing vitamins K and B12 and crowd out harmful bacteria

Question 5

What bacteria are found in the vagina and what do they do?

Answer 5

Bacteria from the lactobacillus family, these typically secrete lactic acid protecting from invaders such as candida albicans

Question 6

What type of viruses remain in the human body?

Answer 6

Latent viruses and fossil viruses

Question 7

What is a latent virus?

Answer 7

A viral infection that persists by remaining hidden in cells, and occasionally has symptoms reappear

Question 8

What is a fossil virus?

Answer 8

An ancient virus that has become integrated into the human genome, approximately 1/12 of the humane genome is made up of fossil viruses

Question 9

What are the 4 steps in Koch’s proof of germ theory?

Answer 9

The microorganism can ONLY be found in diseased organisms
The microorganism must be separated and cultured
The cultured microorganism must cause disease when injected into a host
the microorganism must the be able to be isolated from this host

Question 10

What is symbiosis?

Answer 10

When two organisms live together in close association

Question 11

What is Mutualism?

Answer 11

When a relationship is beneficial to both organisms

Question 12

What is Neutralism?

Answer 12

Neither organism is affected by the relationship

Question 13

What is commensalism?

Answer 13

When the relationship is only beneficial to one species

Question 14

What is synergism?

Answer 14

when two or more microorganisms work together to cause disease

Question 15

What is a pathogen?

Answer 15

A microorganism which causes disease

Question 16

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 16

A microorganism which can cause disease in those with compromised immune systems

Question 17

What are the 4 periods of illness?

Answer 17

Incubation. Prodromal, Illness, Convalescent

Question 18

What is the incubation period of illness?

Answer 18

The time between infection and symptoms

Question 19

What is the prodromal period?

Answer 19

The time where patient feels unwell but symptoms are not experienced

Question 20

What is the Illness period?

Answer 20

The time in which symptoms are experienced

Question 21

What is the Convalescent period?

Answer 21

The time in which a patient recovers

Question 22

What re the 4 types of carriers of disease?

Answer 22

Passive, Incubatory, Convalescent, Active

Question 23

What is a passive carrier?

Answer 23

A person who has the pathogen but has never had symptoms

Question 24

What is an incubatory carrier?

Answer 24

A carrier going through the incubation phase

Question 25

What is a convalescent carrier?

Answer 25

A carrier going through the convalescent phase

Question 26

What is an active carrier?

Answer 26

A person who has fully recovered from the disease but still carries the pathogen

Question 27

What are the 6 types of infection?

Answer 27

Localised, Systemic, Acute, Chronic, Latent, Secondary

Question 28

What is a localised infection

Answer 28

An infection that is contained at the infection site

Question 29

What is a systemic infection

Answer 29

When the pathogen spreads throughout the body

Question 30

What is an acute infection?

Answer 30

An infection with rapid onset and recovery

Question 31

What is a chronic infection?

Answer 31

An infection with slow onset and slow recovery

Question 32

What is a latent infection?

Answer 32

When the pathogen is not completely eradicated and has the potential to cause future symptoms

Question 33

What is a secondary infection?

Answer 33

disease that follows primary infection

Question 34

What is the key difference between microbial intoxication and infectious disease?

Answer 34

Infectious disease is caused by a pathogen and microbial intoxication is caused by a toxin produced by a microbe and ingested by a person

Question 35

What are the steps in pathogensis of infectious disease?

Answer 35

entry, attachment, multiplication, spread, evasion of immune system, damage it host tissue

Question 36

What are the 6 virulence factors?

Answer 36

``` Promote attachment to host cells Help bacteria to enter host cell Damage host cell/tissue Help bacteria to spread from local infections Over stimulate immune response Mediate immune invasion ```

Question 37

What are the 7 immune evasion factors of bacteria?

Answer 37

``` Capsules (to prevent oponisation and phagocytosis) Destruction of phagocytes Inhibition of phagocyte chemotaxis Inhibition of phagocytosis Destruction of complement factors Destruction of immunoglobulins Intracellular replication ```