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Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the mare estrous cycle

A

• Mares are seasonally polyestrous
 Long day breeders (April- October)
 Photoperiodic control of reproduction

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2
Q

Length of mare estrous cycle

A

• Estrous cycle length: 21 days
 Length of estrus: 7 days (3 to 12 days)
– Ovulation occurs in the last 24 to 48 hours of estrus
– Dominant hormone: Estrogen (from preovulatory follicle)
– Uterine edema

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3
Q

Length of mare diestrus

A

• Length of diestrus: 14–15 days
 Dominant hormone: Progesterone (causes maximal tone
uterine tone)
 Corpus luteum not palpable

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4
Q

Can you palpate the CL in the mare?

A

no

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5
Q

Goal of advancing the breeding season

A

Foal born earlier in the year

 Sales, futurities, racing advantage

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6
Q

Techniques to advance the breeding season

A

 Shift the transition period to start earlier (same duration)
 Shorten the transition period

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7
Q

Protocol to advance the breeding season for the mare

A 
• Start 60 days before desired
breeding date
• Apply 16 hours of light per
day
• Intensity (10 foot-candles at
mare eye level or mare
within 8 feet of 200 watt
incandescent light bulb)
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8
Q

Protocol to advance the breeding season for the stallion

A 
• Stallion
• Combination light +
progesterone or light +
progesterone + GnRH or
Light + Dopamine
antagonist (sulpiride,
domperidone)
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9
Q

Use of progestins to advance the season most effective when

A

• Effective in late transition

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10
Q

How does progesterone advance the season?

A

• Primes the HPG axis “progesterone priming”

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11
Q

Breeding Options

A

• Natural cover (mandatory in some breeds i.e.
Thoroughbred)
• Artificial insemination with cooled shipped
semen
• Artificial insemination with frozen semen
• Embryo transfer
• Oocyte transfer or intra-cytoplasmic sperm
injection

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12
Q

What breed is required to do natural cover?

A

Thoroughbreds

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13
Q

Types of semen to use for AI

A

 Fresh extended semen
 Cooled shipped semen
 Frozen-thawed semen

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14
Q

Important considerations

A

• Check with the breed registry for
requirements / paperwork particularly if doing
AI or ET
• Ensure all stallion paperwork is in order

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15
Q

• Requirements for shipping equine semen into

Washington State

A

 Current Coggins test and health certificate
 Negative EVA test from the current calendar year or
proof of vaccination
 Semen permit number issued by the USDA
 Semen evaluation paperwork

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16
Q

Methods for live cover

A 
• Pasture mating (high risk for mares and
stallions)
• In-hand mating (old approach)
• In-hand mating (modern approach)
 Monitor follicular growth and induce
ovulation
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17
Q

• In-hand mating (old approach)

A

 Tease and breed mare every 48 hours
starting on the 3rd day of estrus
 Never go beyond 12 days of estrus

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18
Q

• In-hand mating (modern approach)

A 
– Limit # breeding in mares susceptible
to endometritis
– Efficient use of stallions
– Use Minimum contamination breeding
technique
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19
Q

 Monitor follicular growth and induce

ovulation

A

– Breed at the time of induction of

ovulation or 24 hours later

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20
Q

• Timing of insemination

A

• Cooled shipped semen: 24 hours post induction
• Frozen semen
• 2 doses: 24 and 40 hours post induction (pre and postovulation)
• 1 dose: Monitor for ovulation every 6 to 8 hours then AI
after ovulation

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21
Q

Indications for induction of ovulation

A

• Fixed-time AI
• Reduces the number of
inseminations/breedings
• Synchronization of mares

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22
Q

If you induce ovulation, what size must the follicle be?

A

35 mm

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23
Q

criteria for the induction of ovulation

A
  • Mare in estrus
  • Follicle size
  • Uterine edema
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24
Q

hCG

A 
• Glycoprotein (human trophoblast)
• LH activity
• Can cause anaphylactic reactions
• Less efficacious if repeated
• Dose: 750 to 300 iu IV, most
commonly 2500 iu)
• Ovulation in 24 to 48 hours
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25
Deslorelin (SucroMate®)
``` • Peptide in oil-based controlled release vehicle • GnRH analogue • 1.8 mg deslorelin acetate per mL • 90% of mares ovulate in 41.9±9.4 h ```
26
Cooled shipped semen (receiving checklist)
``` - Check integrity of shipping container - Check paperwork - Check semen quality after insemination and incubation of an aliquot for 10 minutes at 37°C - Minimum dose 150 million motile normal spermatozoa ```
27
Frozen semen (receiving checklist)
``` - Check temperature of dry shipper - Check paperwork - Minimum dose 150 million progressively motile normal spermatozoa ```
28
Where to place the semen for AI (cooled and frozen)
``` - Place semen in the uterine body for cooled semen - Place semen deep n the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovulation for frozen semen ```
29
24 hours after insemination you...
- Check for ovulation - Check for accumulation of fluid (Persistent-Mating- Induced Endometritis; PMIE)
30
Pregnancy Diagnosis - 14 days out
```  Check for double ovulation and twins  Check quality of CL  Place high risk mares on Progesterone therapy ```
31
Pregnancy diagnosis 25-30 days out
 Fetal heartbeat
32
Pregnancy diagnosis 45-60 days out
 Fetal sexing 56 to 65 days
33
post 60 days checkpoints
• Check at 90 –100 days (mares with reproductive problems) • Check at 5 months
34
Management of the pregnant mare: Nutrition - first 8 months
• Up to 8 months, no additional nutrients  Fetal growth: 0.2 lb/day  Feeding: 1.5 -2% BW  Excercise
35
Management of the pregnant mare: Nutrition - last trimester
 Fetal growth: 1lb /day  10th month: fetus requires the most minera;s  The average thoroughbred mare gains 175 to 225 lbs (average foal birthweight: 100-125 lbs)  Feed 2.25 to 2.5% BW  Total protein of 12-14%  Ca/P ratio 1.2 to 1.5:1 Excessive nutrition is more common than starvation and may lead to some placental disease
36
Management of the pregnant mare: Vaccination - CORE
``` • Core vaccines (4 to 6 weeks before due date)  Influenza  Eastern and Western encephalitis  Tetanus  Rabies  West Nile virus ```
37
• Equine Herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1, Rhinopneumonitis) Vx
 Killed vaccine for prevention of abortion |  5th, 7th and 9th months of pregnancy
38
• Other vaccines for management of pregnancy
 Botulism (8th, 9th and 10th months, 30 days before due date, every year after)  Rotavirus  Streptococcus equi (strangles)
39
• Deworming
 Check label (safe for pregnant mares)  Ivermectin  Monitor fecal egg count (large studfarms with visiting mares)  Deworm 10 days before due dates
40
Housing of pregnant mares
 Broodmares should be separated from yearlings and training horses  Pasture  Foaling stalls
41
Foaling management
• Open Caslick's 4 to 6 weeks prior to due date • Check mare frequently • Plan for colostrum supply (Frozen from previous breeding season) • Check udder secretion for change in electrolyte (Ca/Mg) to predict foaling time • Educate client about management of foaling
42
Pre-foaling mammary gland secretions
* Increase in calcium and magnesium * Increased Potassium * Decreased sodium * Inversion of Na+/K+
43
Sodium/Potassium inversion
• Inversion • Potassium>Sodium 24 hours before foaling
44
prefoaling milk pH
Decrease < 6.5
45
Foaling management: Close monitoring
• Closed-circuit TV • Webcam • Electronic devices (Foalalert®)
46
Postpartum mare and foal Care
``` • Mare and placenta (see details in postpartum) • Examination of foal at birth  Development  Behavior  Congenital abnormalities • Care of the umbilical cord stump • Check for passive transfer of immunity ```
47
EQUINE VENEREAL DISEASES
``` • Equine coital exanthema • Equine Viral Arteritis • Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) • Dourine • Others: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ```
48
Equine coital exanthema
``` • Equine herpes virus-3  Species specific  Alpha herpes virus  Worldwide distribution (endemic in the USA)  Latent infections can reactivate due to stress ```
49
Transmission of EHV
 Direct contact with lesions  Mechanical (instruments, personnel)  Incubation 5 to 9 days
50
Clinical signs of EHV
``` • Small (2-3 mm) papules progressing to pustules then ulceration • Erosions with scab • Heal in 2 t 3 weeks • Stallions: decreased libido ```
51
Dx and Tx of EHV
* Serology * Viral inclusion * PCR * No treatment * Do not breed until lesions heal * breeding hygiene * Carrier state is possible
52
Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
* Arteriviridae * Epidemiology * Worldwide distribution * Endemic in US, Standardbred population * Reportable disease in 40 states * Virus is androgen dependent * Stallions can be lifelong carriers
53
Transmission of EVA
* Main source Shedding stallions * Aerosol * Vertical * Fomites * Outbreaks have been reported recently * 69.5% exposed via shipped cooled semen
54
Clinical Features of EVA
``` • Incubation period: 2 to 14 days • Edema due to arteritis, vasculitis • Fever • Respiratory disease • Virus replicates in endothelial cells and macrophages • Abortion 8 to 30 day post infection • 3 to 10 months • Foal can be born infected ```
55
Dx of EVA
* Serology (virus neutralization) | * Virus isolation (semen)
56
Px of EVA
``` • Vaccination of stallions • Vaccination of mares bred to infected stallions • Only breed to EVA negative stallions ```
57
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) Causative agent
```  Taylorella equigenitalis  Taylorella asinigenitalis (donkeys)  Gram negative microaerophilic coccobacillus ```
58
Transmission of CEM
 Venereal, fomite, vertical |  Carrier stallions
59
Clinical Signs of CEM
``` REPORTABLE • Stallions: no clinical signs • Mares • Copious gray vaginal discharge within 24-72 hours persists for one cycle • Cervicitis persists longer and positive cultures may be obtained for as long as 6 weeks • Endometritis, salpingitis • Infertility • Pregnancy loss ```
60
CEM - Diagnosis
``` • Clinical signs • Culture requires special media (check with lab.) • Serology not recommended • PCR is now the gold standard (University of Kentucky) • Test breeding (stallions for import) ```
61
CEM - samples mare
 Clitoral fossa, sinus |  Vaginal discharge
62
CEM samples stallion
```  Pre-ejaculatory fluid  Urethral swabs  Urethral fossa  Semen  Test breeding ```
63
CEM - Treatment - stallion
 Daily for 5 days washing of the penis with 5% chlorhexidine gluconate, rinse and pack with nitrofurazone ointment, parenteral antibiotics (penicillin) re-culture 7 days after
64
CEM Treatment- mare
 Intrauterine: Penicillin, ampicillin  Clean the clitoral fossa and flush clitoral sinus: chlorhexidine gluconate 4%, pack with nitrofurazone 0.2% or silver sulfadiazine 1%  Clitoral sinusectomy
65
Dourine - causative agents
 Trypanosoma equiperdum |  Protozoa
66
Epidemiology of dourine
 Venereal disease  No vectors known  Reportable disease (foreign animal disease)
67
• Clinical signs Dourine
```  Slow to develop (may incubate for 20 weeks)  Stage 1: Genital edema, vaginal or urethral discharge, weight loss  Stage 2: Fever, edema and ulceration of external genitalia, Cutaneous plaques (silver dollar), Ventral edema  Stage 3: Anemia, neurologic disorders, paresis, death ```
68
Dx and Tx of Dourine
CF test, PCR • No treatment • Euthanasia

Equine Therio (6 decks)

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